ENZB - 1867 - von Hochstetter, Ferdinand. New Zealand

[PREFACE]

Preface to the German Edition,

published in 1863.

An Austrian man-of-war, His Majesty's frigate Novara, conveyed me towards the end of the year 1858 to the shores of New Zealand. In the capacity of geologist, I was a member of the Expedition fitted out under the orders of His Imperial Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian for a voyage round the world.

By the kind arrangements of the Commander of this Expedition, Vice-Admiral, then Commodore, Baron von Wullerstorf-Urbair and by the timely preparations of the Colonial Government and the Colonists of New Zealand I was placed in such a position that I could fully devote myself for the space of nine months to the exploration of one of the most remarkable countries of the world, a beautiful country, which Albions enterprising sons, it's occupiers, looking forward to a rich and blooming future, are wont to call "the Great-Britain of the South Sea."

Was it the amiable disposition of the inhabitants? Was it the ties of friendship, that I formed there? Or was it the grandeur and peculiarity of the natural features of a country, appearing in its isolation like a world of its own, that attracted me so strongly? I cannot say; but I still look back with enthusiasm to my stay in the Antipodes.

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On returning to my home in the beginning of the year 1860, it became my duty to work up the rich and copious materials I had brought with me in the shape of observations and collections, and to publish them as one of the results of the Novara-Expedition. A scientific work, accompanied by an atlas with numerous illustrations of newly discovered fossils, with views of the country and geological maps were to comprise the results of my geological researches. In a second work of a more general character I intended to present the results of my observations in a form better suited to the general reader and, in the proposed English translation, more especially accessible to the Colonists of New Zealand.

With heartfelt gratitude I may be allowed to state here, that the Imperial Austrian Government accorded me every assistance necessary to enable me to carry out both designs. While for the publication of the scientific work the Government itself has provided in a most liberal manner, I am indebted to the kindness of Baron von Cotta, for the publication of the Book of Travels in a form worthy to stand side by side with the Narrative of the Novara-Expedition as published in the Imperial Printing Office at Vienna.

By letters and other communications from numerous friends in New Zealand I have been enabled to follow from this hemisphere also, the course of events on those distant islands. Amongst these my friend and former fellow traveller, Dr. Julius Haast, the present Government Geologist of the Province of Canterbury, has contributed most amply to the completion of the present work by the important and interesting information obtained by him during his travels in the Alpine regions of the Southern Island.

Should I have been so fortunate as to have afforded any new information regarding the youngest and most distant colony of the British crown, I venture to hope, that I may at least

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have partly cancelled a debt of gratitude I owe to a nation, from the members of which I have experienced in all parts of the world the most friendly hospitality and the most energetic assistance in my labours.

My own countrymen, on the other hand, I hope will be gratified by my having presented to them for the first time on a larger. scale the wonders and peculiarities of a country of which Carl Ritter, our great geographer, said already in 1842 in enthusiastic language, that it seems destined before all other countries to become a mother of civilized nations.

Vienna, December, 1862.

Dr. F. von Hochstetter.

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Preface to the English Edition.

Already when the German original was published, it was my most earnest desire, that this work should also appear in an English edition for the purpose of facilitating its circulation in the Colony and in England. The accomplishment of this wish has now been rendered possible by the intervention of the General Assembly of New Zealand, which, during their session in 1866, voted in a most liberal manner a contribution towards the cost of the English work by the purchase of 500 copies of the same. I trust that I may be allowed to express here my most sincere thanks to the General Assembly and Government of New Zealand, for this farther proof of their kind interest in the undertaking.

The English edition, as now presented, is not a mere translation of the German original. A great portion of the matter in the German work, such as the chapter on the History of the Colonisation, on the Maori war, on the Maori poetry, and on the statistics of New Zealand, was intended exclusively for German readers, to whom the numerous English works on New Zealand, treating at length upon these subjects, are often inaccessible. In these chapters I could have offered nothing new to the English public. I have therefore entirely omitted them in the English edition, and have instead rewritten and enlarged the chapters on the Physical Geography and Geology. In the

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same way, also, the chapter on the Southern Alps had, in consequence of the discoveries and explorations of the latter years, to be entirely rewritten, and likewise in the other chapters additions up to the year 1866 have been made. Also the sequence of the chapters has been altered in the English edition. Thus, the first part of the book contains now the general matter, whilst the second part, beginning chapter XI, consists of accounts of travels and descriptions of single districts and landscapes on both Islands. A number of the former illustrations have likewise been replaced here by new ones.

In delivering this book into the hands of the English public, I beg to request them not to subject the same to the severest criticism as regards its manner of expression and style, but to be lenient in their judgment, taking into consideration that neither author nor translator have written in their native language. May even the severest critic acknowledge, that the German author and translator, as well as the German publisher, have done their best to render this work as correct as possible. I for my part certainly feel myself greatly indebted to Mr. Edward Sauter, A.M., Principal Little Rock Academy, Arkansas, who, during his stay in Europe in 1865, took the trouble to translate the German original, and to the Publisher for their aid in overcoming all those difficulties, which the publication of an English work in Germany necessarily entails.

Vienna, August, 1867.

Dr. F. von Hochstetter.

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[CONTENTS]

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Contents.

Chapter I. Nine Months in New Zealand.

The arrival. -- Departure of the Novara from Sydney. -- On the coast of New Zealand. -- Great Barrier Island. -- Hauraki Gulf. -- Off Auckland. -- First impression. -- Reality versus imagination. -- Friendly reception of the Novara Expedition in Auckland.

Negotiations and resolution. -- Plans for exploring New Zealand. -- First impetus by Sir George Grey. -- Further encouragements from Sir William Denison and Colonel Gore Brown. -- Official negotiations. -- Agreement. -- Departure of the Novara. -- Separation.

Sojourn. -- Contemplations. -- Residence in Auckland. -- Aid and furtherance from Government and friends. -- Geological map of the Auckland district. -- Journey to the Southern parts of the province of Auckland. --Preparations and equipment for the same. -- Sketch of the journey. -- Results. -- Excursion to the Coromandel Harbour. -- Lecture on the geology of the Province of Auckland. -- Departure from Auckland. -- Journey to Nelson. -- Cordial reception. -- Goldfields. -- Copper and coal. -- Moa skeletons. -- The Southern Alps. -- Lecture on the geology of the Province of Nelson. -- Departure from Nelson and New Zealand.
Appendix. Official documents and addresses.............. [Page] 1

Chapter II. New Zealand. Sketch of its Physical Structure.

Position. -- Area and shape. -- Name of Islands. -- The South Island. -- The Southern Alps. -- Physical features and natural scenery. -- West Coast. -- East Coast. -- The North Island. -- Continuation of the Southern Alps. -- Volcanic zones. -- Taupo zone. -- Auckland zone. -- Bay of Islands zone. -- Harbours.......[Page] 33

Chapter III. Geology and Paleontology.

History of geological and palaeontological explorations. -- Present state of knowledge. -- Synoptical view of the formations and strata at present known. -- Secular elevations and depressions. -- Former connection with other bodies of land. -- Earthquakes ............................. [Page] 46

Chapter IV. The Mineral Riches of New Zealand. Mineral Coal.

Government Geologists in the English Colonies. -- Demand for coal-supplies upon the Southern Hemisphere. -- The Australian Newcastle. -- Brown coal upon North Island. The coalfield in the Drury and Hunua districts near Auckland. -- The coalfield on the

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Lower Waikato. -- On the middle Waikato and on the Waipa. -- Recent lignite. -- Coal upon South-Island. -- Jenkins colliery near Nelson. -- Motupipi brown coal. -- Pakawau coal. -- Coal on the Buller and Grey Rivers. -- Coal in the provinces of Canterbury and Otago. -- Conclusive remarks.
Appendix. Synopsis of the results from analytical investigations of New Zealand coals.............................. [Page] 74

Chapter V. Gold.

The gold-riches of Australia. -- Incentive to prospecting parties in New Zealand. -- First discovery of gold near Coromandel Harbour in the province of Auckland, in 1852. -- Scanty result. -- The Nelson goldfields. -- The Motueka diggings in 1856. -- The Aorere goldfield in 1857. -- Satisfactory results. -- The Western ranges of the Provinces of Nelson. -- Discovery of the Eldorado in the Province of Otago on the Tuapeka, 1861. -- Gold fever. -- Diggers flocking in from Australia. -- Great extent of the gold-deposits. -- Gold in the Province of Maryborough, 1864. -- The Westcoast of the Province of Canterbury. -- Hokitika, the metropolis of the Westland goldfields.
Appendix. List of ores and minerals in the Province of Canterbury. -- Produce of goldfields...........................[Page] 93

Chapter VI. The Flora.

Investigation of the flora since Cook's time. -- Dr. Hooker's classical work on the flora of New-Zealand. -- Number of the species of plants known. -- News from the Alps. -- New tropical ferns in the vicinity of hot springs. -- Peculiarities of the flora. -- Abundance of Cryptogamic plants. -- New Zealand a botanical province of its own. -- Affinity to the flora of Australia, South America, Europe, and the Antarctic Islands. -- The mother-flora. -- Hypothesis of a former continent. -- Physiognomical character of the vegetation. -- Scarcity of flowers. -- Fern-heaths. -- Grass-plains. -- The forest scenery.
Appendix. List of alpine plants. -- The "vegetable sheep"........[Page] 123

Chapter VII. Kauri and Harakeke. The New Zealand Pine and the New Zealand flax plant.

Kauri, Dammara australis, the Queen of the New Zealand forest. -- Limits of its range. -- Devastation of the woods, -- Physiognomy of Kauri forests. -- Wood-cutter colonies. -- Saw-milles. -- Kauri gum. -- Quantity and value of the annual export.
The New Zealand flax plant, Phormium tenax. -- Its various uses. -- Its varieties. -- Production of flax. -- Other fibrous plants.
Appendix. List of esculent plants. -- Table of timber trees....... [Page] 139

Chapter VIII. The Fauna.

Remarkable scarcity of land-mammalia. -- Introduced domestic animals. -- Pigs. -- Frogs. -- Lizards. -- A large salamander. -- Sea-serpents. -- Fishes. -- Singing-birds. -- The Nestor. -- The night-parrot. -- Swamp-fowl and sea-birds. -- Mollusca. -- Land-shells. -- Insects. -- The Wheta. -- Mosquitoes and sand-flies. -- Blatta. -- The vegetating caterpillar. -- Crustaceae................... [Page] 161

Chapter IX. Kiwi and Moa, the wingless birds of New Zealand.

The Struthionidae family. -- Species now living. -- Aepiornis of Madagascar. -- The Dodo of Mauritius. -- Discovery of the Kiwi (Apteryx) in New Zealand. -- Three,

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perhaps four different species of Kiwi. -- Discovery of Moa bones. -- Dinornis, Palapterix. -- Eggs. -- Moa stones. -- New discoveries in the caves of the Aorere Valley. -- Complete skeleton of Palapteryx ingens. -- Distribution of the Moas. -- Different species upon the North and South Island. -- Whether still living or extinct? -- Causes of their dying out. -- The giant-birds of New Zealand once the chief game of the natives. -- Cannibalism the consequence of the extermination of the Moas. -- Struggle of life.
Appendix. Comparative table of the Size of Struthionidae........ [Page] 173

Chapter X. The Maoris.

Two races on the Islands of the Pacific Ocean. -- Melanese and Malay-Polynesian race. -- Difference between Micronesians and Polynesians proper. -- The Maoris true Polynesians. --- Traditions and Mythology. -- The Ika a Maui. -- The legend of the migration from Hawaiki not historical, but mythical. -- The Maui-myths are myths of the Sun. -- South Island populated from North Island. -- The Maeroes and Ngati-mamoes not aborigines but wild Maoris. -- The Maoris at the time of the discovery of New Zealand. -- Cannibalism. -- Origin of cannibalism in New Zealand. -- The Maoris of the present day. -- Injurious influences of European civilization and colonization upon the natives. -- The Maoris are dying out. -- Census of 1858.
Appendix. The story of the Te Uira, chief of the Ngatimamoes...... [Page] 199

Chapter XI. The Isthmus of Auckland.

Situation. -- Waitemata and Manukau. -- The City of Auckland. -- The town of Onehunga. -- Geological features of the Isthmus. -- The extinct volcanoes. -- 63 points of eruptions. -- Tuff-cones and tuff-craters. -- Cinder-cones. -- Combinations of both. -- Lava streams. -- Manukau lava-field. -- Waitemata lava field. -- Lava-streams of different age. -- Mount Wellington. -- Lava-cones. -- Rangitoto. -- The Auckland volcanoes of very recent date. -- The Isthmus as it was and as it is. -- Past, Present and Future........................... [Page] 225

Chapter XII. The North Shore.

Rusticating in Auckland. -- House and garden in Auckland. -- The North-Shore. -- Harbour. -- Volcanic bombs. -- Oysters a la Maori. -- Mount Victoria. -- To lake Pupuke. -- Sterile pipe-clay soil. -- Fertile volcanic soil. -- Lake Pupuke. -- Legend of the natives. -- A gale. -- Return to Auckland............. [Page] 246

Chapter XIII. Round the Manukau Harbour and to the Mouth of Waikato River.

Onehunga. -- Rev. Mr. Purchas. -- The Manukau Basin. -- Whau Bay. -- Volcanic rocks. -- Magnetic iron-sand. -- Taranaki-steel. -- Huia Bay -- Saw-mills. -- Maori path through the bush. -- The pilote-station. -- Character of the West coast. -- The weather. -- South head of the Harbour. -- Kauri Point. -- Schooner, "Sea Belle". Waiuku. -- Lignite. -- Caravan of Maori traders. -- Te Rata Hokitata. -- Collections. -- Formation of sand-stone banks from quicksand. -- Mouth of the Waikato. -- North and South head. -- Discovery of Belemnites. -- Queens road. -- First view of Mount Egmont. -- Maori mail. -- Fossil ferns on the West coast. -- Awaroa Creek. -- From Waiuku to Mauku. -- Farmhouses blessed with daughters. -- Return to Auckland.. [Page] 258

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Chapter XIV. On the lower Waikato; from Auckland to Taupiri.

Bush travelling in New Zealand. -- Supply of provisions. -- Other articles of equipment. -- Fern and flax. -- Departure from Auckland. -- Drury Hotel. -- Mangatawhiri. -- Sucking pigs. -- Thus far and no farther. -- Our embarkation. -- The Waikato, the main artery of the country. -- Maori politics. -- Boat-songs. -- Tiutiu. -- Pukatea. -- Eels. -- Lake Wangape. -- The Pah Rangiriri. -- Lake Waikare. -- The river-island Taipouri. -- Brown coal at Kupakupa. -- The Taupiri range. -- The mission station on the Taupiri.......................... [Page] 282

Chapter XV. The Waipa and the West Coast.

The Taupiri. -- The Middle Waikato Basin. -- Keeping the Sabbath. -- Waikato and Waipa. -- Residence of the Maori King. -- The chief Takerei. -- Terraces. -- Whatawhata. -- The Wesleyan Mission station Kopua. -- A Maori-wedding. -- Kakepuku. -- To Whaingaroa. -- Whaingaroa Harbour. -- The township of Raglan. -- Mount Karioi. -- The Aotea Harbour. -- The Kawhia Harbour. -- Ammonites and Belemnites. -- The New Zealand Helvetia. -- A Northumberlander. -- Roads to the Waipa. -- The bush. -- Back to the Waipa..................... [Page] 305

Chapter XVI. From the Waipa through the Mokau and Tuhua districts to Lake Taupo.

On the upper Waipa. -- Terrace-formation. -- Orahiri. -- Hangatiki. -- Caves with Moa-bones. -- The stalactite-cave Te ana Uriuri. -- Sabbath breaking punished. -- Mangawhitikau. -- Limestone plateau with caves, subterraneous river passages, and funnel-shaped holes. -- Puke Aruhe. -- Stay at Piopio; rubbing of noses. -- Moa-bones. -- Wairere Rapids. -- Pukewhau. -- The Mokau river. -- Bush and swamp. -- A wood-colony. -- Maori cooking-stove. -- Tapuiwahine mountain. -- In the Ohura and Ongaruhe valley. -- On the summit of the Ngariha. -- View of Tongariro and Ruapahu. -- A Tangi in Petania. -- Puketapu. -- Nothing but bush. -- Pumice-stone plateau Moerangi. -- Arrival at Lake Taupo.................... [Page] 333

Chapter XVII. Lake Taupo, Tongariro and Ruapahu.

Rev. Mr. Grace. -- The Maori-Chief Te Heuheu. -- Lake Taupo. -- Volcanic cones at the South shore. -- Hot springs of Te Rapa and Tokanu. -- Legend of the Chief Ngatiroirangi and his slave Ngauruhoe. -- The Waikato-Delta. -- The Volcano Tongariro, its cones and craters. -- Mr, Dyson's ascent of the Tongariro. -- Legends of the conflict between Tongariro and Taranaki. -- Ruapahu the highest mountain of the North-Island. -- Pumicestone-plateau. -- Terraces. -- Climate of the Taupo-country. -- Legend of Horomatangi. -- Population. -- Fauna. -- The East-shore of the lake. -- Rhyolite. -- Outlet of the Waikato...................... [Page] 360

Chapter XVIII. Ngawhas, and Puias; boiling springs, solfataras and fumaroles.

The country between lake Taupo and the East Coast. -- Analogy between the hot springs in New Zealand and Island. -- Departure from Taupo. -- The Karapiti fumarole. -- Orakeikorako on the Waikato, and its geysers. -- The Pairoa range and its fumaroles. -- The boiling springs on the Waikiti. -- Tropical ferns. -- Rotokakahi. -- Arrival at lake Tarawera. -- Mr. and Mrs. Spencer. -- The Tarawera mountain. -- The warm lake Rotomahana and its boiling springs. -- Rotomakariri, the cold lake. --

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Rotorua. -- The obliging chief Pini te korekore. -- Ohinemutu and its warm baths. -- The geysers of Whakarewarewa. -- The solfataras Tikitere and Huahine. -- Lake Rotoiti. -- Origin of the hot springs.
Appendix. Chemical analysis of the water and sediments of some hot springs ............... [Page] 389

Chapter XIX. The East Coast from Maketu to Tauranga, and Return to Auckland.

From the lake district to the East Coast. -- Sepulchral monuments. -- Rev. Mr. Chapman at Maketu. -- The giant Haupapa. -- The venomous spider Katipo. -- Rev. Mr. Voelkner at Tauranga. -- War and negotiations of peace on Tauranga Harbour. -- Trip into the interior. -- Great waterfall Wairere. -- The Waiho, Piako and Waikato. -- The Waikato-bridge near Aniwhaniwha. -- Peculiarities of the river-bed and of the river-banks. -- Maungatautari. -- The Maori-City Rangiawhia. -- Rev. Mr. Morgan in Otawhao. -- Visit to King Potatau at Ngaruawahia. -- Return to Auckland.
Appendix. Table of altitudes in the southern part of the province of Auckland. .... [Page] 436

Chapter XX. Nelson.

Character of the surface of the province. -- The Western mountain ranges. -- The Eastern ranges. -- The hills on Blind Bay. -- Excellent climate on the shores of Blind Bay. -- The town of Nelson, situation, foundation and development. -- The Harbour. -- The Boulder Bank. -- The agricultural districts. -- Ranzau and Sarau, German settlements. -- Wood-cutters and shepherds the farthest out-posts of civilization. -- The Mineral wealth of Nelson. -- The copper and chrome-ore of the Wooded Peak and Dun Mountain............................[Page] 463

Chapter XXI. The Southern Alps.

The Southern Alps proper. -- Explorers. -- Dr. Haast's merits. -- Sacrificed lifes. -- Summits of the central range: Kaimatau, Mt. Tyndall, Mt. Cook and Mt. Tasman, Mt. Aspiring. -- Structure of the central chain. -- Strike of beds. -- Jointed structure of the rocks. -- Two systems of valleys. -- Passes. -- Geological features. -- Two sections through the South Island. -- The glaciers regions. -- Rangitata valley, -- Terraces. -- Enormous mass of detritus. -- The Forbes glacier. -- Red snow. -- The Clyde glacier. -- The Ashburton glacier. -- Lake Te Kapo. -- The Godley glacier. -- Lake Pukaki. -- The glacial region near Mt. Cook. -- The great Tasman glacier. -- The Hourglass glacier. -- Glaciers on the West Coast. -- The Francis Joseph glacier. -- Difference between the climate of the West Coast and East Coast. -- Signs of enormous glaciers of the pleistocene period. -- Causes of the pleistocene glaciation. -- Extensive distribution of the drift deposits. -- The Canterbury plains. -- Their formation. -- The rivers of the plains.
Appendix. The Otira road, the first road across the Southern Alps.... [Page] 478

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]

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Illustrations.

Maps.

New Zealand, scale 1: 5,000,000 by A. Petermann. (The Isthmus of Auckland, scale 1: 500,000).

The southern part of the Province of Auckland, explanatory of the routes and surveys by Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, 1859. Scale 1: 700,000.

Coloured Engravings.

Ko Paora Matutaera (Paul Marshall), Maori chief at Kapanga, Coromandel Harbour, Prov. Auckland. From a sketch by Mr. Heaphy. (Frontispiece.)

The Southern Alps; view from the mouth of the Arahura or Brunner river on the West Coast. From a sketch by Mr. Heaphy...............38

Forest in the Papakura District near Auckland. From a sketch by Dr. C. Fischer ......... 134

Lake Taupo, North Island; view of the volcanic mountains (Tongariro and Rua-pahu) on the southern shore. From a sketch by the author .........365

Te Tarata on the lake Rotomahana, boiling spring with terraces of silicious deposits. From a photograph by Mr. Hamel.................410

Motueka valley near Nelson, South Island. From a sketch by Mr. A. Campbell. 472

The glaciers on Mount Cook and Mount Tasman. From a sketch by Dr. Jul. Haast, 1866 498

Woodcuts.

Gabriels Gully on the Tuapeka Goldfield in the Province of Otago, from a photograph 111
Kiwi (Apteryx) and Moa (Palapteryx), the wingless birds of New Zealand... 176
View of Mount Eden near Auckland from the Domain, from a photograph... 229
Waitomokia, an extinct volcano on Manukau Harbour, South of Onehunga, Prov. of Auckland....233
Waikare creek near Rangiriri on the Waikato, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel ..... 300
The Maori school of the Rev. Mr. Ashwell at Taupiri, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel..........307
View of Mount Tongariro and Ruapahu from Mount Ngariha towards South-East. From a sketch by the author.......354
The hot springs of Orakeikorako, on the Waikato river. From a sketch by the author.......396
View of the lake Rotorua, Prov. Auckland. From a sketch by Mr. Koch ...... 421
The Western Ranges of the Province of Nelson, view from the junction of the Grey and Mawheraiti towards East (page 464). The Southern Alps, view from the mouth of the River Grey. From sketches by Dr. J. Haast.............480

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Wood engravings in the text.

Entrance to Auckland Harbour, from a sketch by Mr. Heaphy....... 5
Mount Egmont, the Taranaki Mountain seen North-East from Otamatua, from a sketch by Mr. Heaphy............. 24
Pohutu, Solfatara and intermittent fountain at Whakarewarewa on the Rotorua, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel......... 44
Stone implements of the Maoris.................. 66
Jenkin's Colliery near Nelson................... 82
View of Castle Hill and Coromandel Harbour, from a sketch by Mr. Heaphy .... 96
Section through the Western mountain ranges of Nelson........ 102
View of the Haupiri range and of the Aorere goldfield.......... 103
Section through the Quartz Ranges................. 105
Kauri Woods on Manukau Harbour, from a photograph by Mr. Stork..... 145
Bushes of Phormium tenax, from a photograph by Mr. Stork........ 151
Machine for breaking flax..................... 155
Helix Hochstetteri, Pfeiffer.................... 169
Weta (Deinacrida heterocantha) female in life-size............ 169
The Vegetating Caterpillar (Sphaeria Robertsii)............. 171
Caves with Moa-bones in the Aorere valley.............. 185
The Cave glow-worm...................... 186
Section through de Moa Cave in the Aorere Valley............ 186
Kiwi-like Moa (Palapteryx ingens), Front of the skeleton......... 187
" " " Side-view of the skeleton........ 188
Aborigines of Australia from Murray River, from a photograph by Mr. Daintree. 200
Natives of New Zealand, from photographs.............. 201
Te Ika a Maui......................... 203
A Cannibal of olden times, from a sketch by Mr. Heaphy......... 210
Tuff-cone.......................... 231
Tuff and cinder-cone....................... 232
Tuff-cone, cinder-cone, and lava-stream................ 235
Mount Wellington, or Maunga Rei, near Auckland............ 237
Rangitoto near Auckland..................... 237
Volcanic cone-formation...................... 238
Cabbage-Tree on the road from Auckland to Onehunga, from a sketch by Mr. Stork ... 240
Upon the Isthmus of Auckland, of yore, from a sketch by Mr. Heaphy.... 244
Takapuna, the Northhead of Auckland Harbour............. 250
Volcanic bombs........................ 251
A War canoe, from a sketch by Mr. Heaphy.............. 233
Entrance to Manukau Harbour................... 264
Section of sandstone Strata.................... 271
Sydney sandstone with cross stratification............... 271
Section through the coast range between Manukau Harbour and West Coast... 272
Section along the Waikato South head................ 274
Belemnites Aucklandicus from the Mouth of the Waikato........ 275
Section on the West Coast.................... 277
Polypodium Hochstetteri, a fossil fern................ 279
A Maori-girl at Mangatawhiri, from a photograph............ 291
Section across the Taupiri range.................. 302
Kaitotehe, Mission Station of the Rev. Mr. Ashwell at the Taupiri, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel........................ 303
Church at the Mission station at the Taupiri, from a sketch by Mr. Koch... 308

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Terraces on the lower Waipa................... 312
The Trachyte Mountain Pirongia on the Waipa............. 314
Kakepuku.......................... 317
Cristellaria Haasti from the banks of the Waitetuna........... 321
Mount Karioi on the entrance of the Whaingaroa Harbour......... 322
Limestone block Tainui on Kawhia Harbour.............. 325
Ammonites Novoseelandicus from Kawhia Harbour............ 326
Belemnites Aucklandicus from Kawhia Harbour............. 327
Limestone rocks on the Rakaunui river, Kawhia Harbour, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel............................. 328
Terraces in the upper Waipa valley................. 335
Tiki, a Maori tomb, from a sketch by Mr. Koch............ 338
Section at the upper Mokau River.................. 345
Terrace formation in the Ongaruhe valley............... 353
Te Heuheu's Mere punamu..................... 362
The Puias at Tokanu on Lake Taupo................. 369
Wood-carvings of a Wharepuni at Tokanu, from a sketch by Mr. Koch.... 370
Peak of the Ngauruhoe, April 1859................. 375
Section through the North Island from SW. to NE............ 379
Tauhara, extinct volcano at the lake Taupo, from a sketch by the author... 386
The Karapiti fumarole, Taupo country................ 394
The Horohoro Mountain..................... 403
Maori sketch of the Rotokakahi................... 404
Section through the basin and terraces of Tetarata............ 412
The mud-cones of the Rotomahana................. 415
View of the Rotomakariri (cold lake) with the Tarawera mountain, from a sketch by the author........................... 419
Carvings at Ohinemutu on lake Rotorua, from a sketch by Mr. Koch..... 424
The Pah Ohinemutu on the Rotorua, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel.... 425
Waikite, intermittent fountain at Whakarewarewa on the Rotorua, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel........................ 427
The solfatara Ruahine on lake Rotoiti, from a sketch by the author..... 430
A Maori monument, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel.......... 437
A fortified native camp near Tauranga, from a sketch by J. Haast...... 444
Sketch of the Waikato near Aniwhaniwha............... 450
Missionary school at Otawhao, from a photograph by Mr. Hamel....... 454
Ngaruawahia, residence of the Maori King Potatau in 1859, from a sketch by Mr. Koch ... 455
The flag of the Maori King.................... 456
View of lake Rotoiti in the Province of Nelson, from a sketch by the author .... 467
Entrance to the Harbour of Nelson, from a photograph.......... 470
The Boulder Bank, Nelson Harbour................. 471
View of the Wooded Peak near Nelson................ 474
Lenticular Mass of ore in the serpentine of the Wooded Peak........ 476
Sketch of the structure of the Southern Alps, reduced from a map by E. Dobson 483
Section across the Province of Canterbury according to Dr. J. Haast..... 487
Section through the Province of Otago according to Dr. J. Hector...... 487
Terraces in the Rangitata valley.................. 490
The Ashburton Glacier with Mt. Arrowsmith, from a sketch by Dr. J. Haast.. 495
The Government buildings at Christchurch, Province Canterbury, from a photograph .... 511

1867 - von Hochstetter, Ferdinand. New Zealand - [Front Matter]