APPENDIX.
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APPENDIX.
(No. 1, Page 6.)
Extract from the Speech of His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex.
As a member of the Royal Family, (said his Royal Highness,) attached to the constitution, anxious at all times to promote to the best of his power, the vast interests so deeply connected with the welfare of the country, and with its government, he begged to express the great pleasure he felt in witnessing the prosperity of the rising Colony of New Zealand; and he trusted, that the expedition about to depart, aided and supported as it was, by the advantages of intelligence, numbers, industry, talent, civilization, and religion, would carry out with it all that was required to found a colony, and sow the seeds of civilization, in a part of the world almost hitherto unknown. The benefits resulting from such a step, it was gratifying to know had not been commenced by mercenary men, or from worldly motives; and the moral advantages which this country would derive from witnessing an industrious population abroad, improving society, and making themselves respectable men, ought certainly to gratify this Company. His prayer was, that so useful and so benevolent an undertaking should prosper. He should therefore conclude by proposing success and prosperity to the new colony about to be founded under the glorious name of Nelson, and with wishing a happy and prosperous voyage to those who were to start for that colony.
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(No. 2, Page 7.)
SAILING AND ARRIVAL OF SHIPS.
From April, 1841, to August, 1842, 42 Vessels had sailed from England to the different settlements of New Zealand, with Colonists and their property: of these the following were for the Colony of Nelson.
[Ships' names in the table: Arrow, Will Watch, Whitby, Fifeshire, Mary Ann, Lord Auckland, Lloyds, Bolton, Martha Ridgeway, London, Clifford, London, Indemnity, Mary, Sir C. Forbes, Thomas Harrison, Olympus, Thomas Sparkes, Bombay]
[Masters: Geare, Walker, Gibson, Sharp, Attwood, Adams, Kemp, Bacon, Sparkes]
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(No. 3, Page 9.)
Extract from Darwin's Voyages of the "Adventure and Beagle," between the years 1826 and 1836, p. 507.
At Waimate, New Zealand, there are three large houses, where the missionary gentlemen, Messrs. Williams, Davies, and Clarke reside; and near them are the huts of the native labourers. On an adjoining slope, fine crops of barley and wheat, in full ear, were growing; and in another part, fields of potatoes and clover. But I cannot attempt to describe all I saw; there were large gardens, with every fruit and vegetable which England produces, and many belonging to a warmer climate. I may instance asparagus, kidney beans, cucumbers, rhubarb, apples, pears, figs, peaches, apricots, grapes, olives, gooseberries, currants, hops, gorze for fences, and English oaks; also many different kinds of flowers. Around the farm yard, there were stables, a thrashing barn with its winnowing machine, a blacksmith's shop, and (on the ground) plough shares and other tools; in the middle was that happy mixture of pigs and poultry, which may be seen so comfortably lying together in every English farm yard. At the distance of a few hundred yards, where the water of a little rill was dammed up into a pool, a large and substantial water-mill had been erected. All this is very surprising, when it is considered that five years ago, nothing but the fern flourished here. Moreover, native workmanship, taught by the missionaries, has effected this change--the lesson of the missionary is the enchanter's wand. The house has been built, the windows framed, the fields ploughed, and even the trees grafted, by the New Zealander. At the mill, a New Zealander may be seen powdered white with flour like his brother miller in England. When I looked at this whole scene, I thought it admirable. It was not merely that England was brought vividly before my mind; yet, as the evening drew to a close, the domestic sounds, the fields of corn, the distant country with its trees now appearing like pasture-land, all might well be mistaken for some part of it. Nor was it the triumphant feeling at seeing what Englishmen could effect; but it was something of far more
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consequence, the object for which this labour had been bestowed--the moral effect on the aborigines of this fine country."
For copious information on this important subject, the reader may consult with great advantage, Petre's Settlements of the New Zealand Company: Smith, Elder & Co., 1841; and the numbers of the New Zealand Journal, published in London, twice monthly; each of these numbers contain original letters from colonists, descriptive, amongst other matters, of the experience of individuals in the raising of fruit and vegetables.
(No. 4, Page 9.)
Nelson is distant about 120 miles from Port Nicholson.
140 miles from New Plymouth.
100 ditto from Wanganui.
3 or 4 days' sail from Auckland.
10 or 12 days' sail from Sydney.
-------------------------Hobart Town.
20 or 25 days' sail from Tahiti.
6 weeks or 2 months from Ceylon, India, or the Cape; about 6 weeks from China and Singapore; and from 6 weeks to 2 months from Valparaiso, and other parts in South America. These calculations are for sailing voyages: by steam, the time would of course be very materially shortened; certainly more than one-third.
(No. 5, Page 11.)
Plan of the Colony of Nelson.
The land consists of 1100 sections of 201 acres; each section is subdivided into 1 town acre, 50 suburban acres, and 150 rural acres, at a price of 30s. per acre.
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The priority of choice of land, is determined by lot or ballot, which takes place on payment at New Zealand House. Of the money raised by the Sale of Land,
150,000l. is devoted to the exclusive purpose of conveying emigrants to the colony.
100,000l. for the expenses and remuneration of the Company, in selecting the site and otherwise promoting the safe and orderly establishment of the colony. 50,000l. for the following purposes--
1st--15,000l. towards religious endowments.
2nd--15,000l. for founding a college, and general educational objects.
3d--20,000l. for the purpose of giving encouragement to Steam Navigation.
(No. 6, Page 20.)
Voyage of the Tomatin.
To an address from the resident clergy of the neighbourhood of Plymouth, to the Bishop of New Zealand, on the occasion of his sailing from thence, he replied with deep feeling, expressing his sincere thankfulness for the truly Christian kindness and spiritual sympathy which he had experienced in the county of Devon, both from the clergy and laity, and especially for the kindness shown to himself and his brethren of the mission, by their Christian friends at Plymouth. His lordship desired particularly to thank the rev. vicar of St. Andrew's, for his cordial co-operation on this occasion. He felt deeply thankful for the expressions of their favour and good-will, and still more so for the prayer which they had offered up to the throne of grace on his behalf; for he could not but remember, that "the prayer of a righteous man availeth much." He could not but perceive and rejoice that a spirit was awakening, which he trusted was the forerunner of that happy
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period when "the knowledge of God should cover the earth as the waters cover the sea."--In his own case, feeling confident as to what the result of their labours would be, and placing, as he did, a firm reliance in his God, he did not doubt but that the power of the Almighty would be fully manifested, and that the word of truth and salvation would go forth to the ends of the earth.
The right rev. prelate then called upon those present to join with him in praying that the spirit of discord, which now unhap- pily prevailed in the Christian church, might be set at rest; for certain he was, that the conversion of the world could only be accomplished by the unity of Christ's church. He spoke as to those amongst whom he believed such a spirit of disunion was unknown, but who are actuated by the desire to do that only which was pleasing and acceptable in the sight of the Lord. In the land of their adoption he and his brethren would not cease to pray for that unity of the church at home which he so anxiously desired to witness; and he trusted that unceasing prayers would be offered up in England for a blessing on their distant labours. He felt that there were many hindrances at present to the extension of the Saviour's kingdom; but that they would be overcome, knowing as he did that those who went forth in his name, are mighty, indeed, and would be conquerors through his grace. Although a doubt might sometime arise, as to his youth and inexperience in the work on which he was about to enter, yet he was sure that those present would pray for him and his companions in the work, that they might be endowed with the grace of God, so that they might not appear as novices puffed up with pride and vain-glory, but as humble servants in the cause of Him that died for them. He prayed that God's presence would go with them, that he might give them peace; and concluded, by commending all present to God and to the word of his grace, which was able to keep them from falling, and to give them an inheritance among them that are sanctified. Might God in his infinite mercy bless them his ministers; and might they all meet at the marriage-supper of the Lamb in the kingdom of heaven, when they should be one with Christ, and Christ with them, throughout the endless ages of eternity."
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Extract from the Letter of a passenger (unconnected with the New Zealand mission) on board the Tomatin, lat. 3 deg. N., long. 20 deg. N., and dated January 20, 1842.
"Never shall I forget the first Sunday that we assembled, after the days of sickness and of suffering. We were running near Lisbon, and the air was as balmy as a June day. Every thing on deck was made clean and trim for the whole party; every one was dressed in Sunday attire, and the greater number of the company attended divine worship.
"There are altogether seventy souls on board; and, with the exception of two or three sailors, who were employed at the wheel, &c., all were assembled. The bishop was in his full robes, and the clergy in gowns; the two chaplains, the Rev. W. C. Cotton, and the Rev. T. Whytehead, wore surplices. The first psalm sung was the hundredth, and a blessed thing it was to hear those rich notes sung on such an occasion, when a band of devoted men were going to the uttermost parts of the earth to tell the people of their Lord and Saviour! During the bishop's sermon one stout man, a steerage passenger, covered his face with his hands, and sobbed like a child. I pity the person who could go away without feeling better and wiser.
"The men listen to him very attentively, and seem to understand him thoroughly. The bishop is able, in a singular manner, to be clear without becoming colloquial. He uses short sentences, and every portion is full of meaning. The holy communion was afterwards administered, and a very affecting scene it was.
"It would be impossible to describe to you what a happy party we are, every thing goes on so delightfully. All seem to be of one heart and mind, and the day begins and ends in praise and thanksgiving. We are all engaged in some good or useful work. I never saw any one so indefatigable as the bishop in the pursuit of knowledge. I feel only thankful that such a man should have been appointed to so important a charge."
The bishop himself writes thus, "We are all well, and have had a delightful passage to this point of our voyage. Our day is spent thus:--eight o'clock, prayers; ten, New Zealand Lesson; eleven, Greek do.; one, Hebrew do.; two, Mathematics. We have taken different departments for the study of the New Zealand languages.
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Mr. Cotton and Mr. Reay are making a concordance of the native Testament. I am compiling from the Rarotonga, Tahitian, and New Zealand translations of the New Testament, a comparative grammar of those three dialects. I hope to be quite familiar with them by the end of the voyage, which will much facilitate the plan which I have conceived; and which may God give me grace to carry into effect, of extending the branches of the church of New Zealand throughout the Southern Pacific.
"We had full service, with communion, on Sunday, January 2. Also, service on the Festivals of the Church. An evening service at six every Sunday."
(No. 7, Page 21.)
Extracts from Lord John Russell's Instructions to Captain Hobson, Governor of New Zealand, dated Dec. 9, 1840.
Having adverted to the charter providing for the future government of New Zealand, as a separate colony, issued by the Queen under authority vested in her by the Acts of 3 and 4 Victoria, and other incidental matters, he goes on to observe:--
"It remains that I should indicate for your guidance some of the general rules by which your official conduct will be directed; with a view to perspicuity I shall endeavour to arrange them under the following heads:--
"1. Legislation.
"2. Administrative authority.
"3. The use of the public revenue.
"4. The aborigines.
"5. The sale and settlement of waste lands. And
"6. The general care of the education of youth, and the religious instruction of all classes within your government.
"1. Legislature:--Proceeding upon the well established principle of law, that Her Majesty's subjects settled in a country acquired as New Zealand has been acquired, carry with them as
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their birthright so much of the law of England as is applicable to their altered circumstances; that fundamental rule has been qualified in the infancy of the colony by constituting a legislature nominated by the crown in New Zealand as in other Australian colonies. The legislative power thus concentrated in few hands imposes on those who hold it the duty of exercising it with constant regard to the principles of justice, and to the welfare of the colony."
On the subject of legislative enactments, he says, "Now on all these subjects your task will be greatly lightened by availing yourself, as far as may be practicable, of the labours of the Governors, the Legislative Councils, and the Crown lawyers of the older settlements in your vicinity. It has been the great advantage of New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, to have possessed amongst those to whom the higher offices, administrative, judicial, and legal have been intrusted, many men of capacity and learning rare in any country, but peculiarly so in countries where there are so many urgent demands, withdrawing the thoughts of educated men from the permanent to the transitory interests of the public at large. I have reason to believe that the chief justices of New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, especially, have, for the last twenty years, laboured at the work of reducing the law of England, on many principal subjects, into a form better adapted to the wants of the colonists."
"2. Administrative Authority:--Between the two extremes of an unbounded confidence in subordinate officers, and an habitual distrust of them, you will, I trust, find a middle point at which you may, with satisfaction to yourself and advantage to the public at large, take your stand. In a society where all men so much feel the pressure of indispensable private engagements, one of the great elements of good government with which we are so familiar in this country, must always be to a great extent wanting. Few will have at once the leisure, the intelligence, and the public spirit to make any gratuitous contribution of time or thought to the conduct of affairs. The great mass of society will look to the government for assistance on all questions of general or even of local concern. If on the one hand you should charge your own mind with the whole of this complicated mass of inquiries and
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measures, you would speedily find the burden intolerable. If on the other hand you should devolve it on any one or more of your officers, in an implicit reliance on their ability and zeal, you would, in no long time, find that the reins had passed out of your hands; that you must govern as the head of a party, and not of the head of society at large; and that a system of partiality and favouritism would prevail throughout your government. To give a large and liberal confidence to the heads of the several departments and to combine this with a vigilant and punctual superintendence of each should be the rule of your conduct."
"3. The use of the public revenue:--Frugality is one of the indispensable bases of all good government and social welfare in such communities as those which have been recently formed in New Zealand. I refer not merely to a wise economy in public expenditure, but to simplicity and plainness of living in domestic circles. As the governor of the colony, your example will be of decisive weight on this head, and therefore I cannot scruple to touch on a subject of such great importance, which, if apparently of a private and personal, is really of a public and general interest. I admit, that as the representative of your sovereign in a remote part of the Queen's dominions, you may be subjected to demands on your hospitality, and to claims for the exhibition of some degree of state, which it may be most difficult to resist, and it might not be right altogether to disappoint. But on the other hand, such demands and such claims, if too readily conceded, must inevitably urge you into an outlay of money and a style of life highly inconvenient to yourself, and still more prejudicial to the colonists at large, by exciting amongst them an emulation in the mere embellishments of life to the sacrifice of many of its substantial interests and duties. The governor of an infant colony should aim at nothing beyond the decencies of a private and moderate establishment, and his ambition should be not to outshine, but to guide, befriend, and protect those who are living under his authority.
"Economy in public expenditure will be greatly facilitated by the observance of these rules. To those who have so lately quitted the wealthiest and one of the most ancient monarchies of Europe, it is difficult to dissociate the feelings of loyalty to their sovereign, and of attachment to their mother country, from the desire for those
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refinements by which the throne is surrounded and the kingdom at large is embellished; but for these things the time is as yet unripe in New Zealand. At the commencement, and for some years afterwards, we must be content with what is useful, plain, and solid, remitting to a future day what is merely ornamental."
"4. The aborigines of New Zealand will, I am convinced, be the object of your constant solicitude, as certainly there is no object connected with New Zealand which the Queen and every class of Her Majesty's subjects in this kingdom regard with more settled and earnest anxiety. Amongst the practical measures you can adopt or encourage for the protection of the aborigines, the most important are the support of the missions and missionaries established for their conversion to the Christian faith, and for their instruction as Christians; the assigning officers charged with the duty, and, as far as may be provided, with the means of protecting them in the enjoyment of their persons and their property; the enactment and enforcement of such laws as can be devised for preventing and punishing any wrongs to which their persons or their property may be exposed, and the encouragement of the education of their youth."
"5. The sale and settlement of waste lands:--It is absolutely necessary, 1st, That a commission should ascertain, and that the law should determine, what lands are private property; and 2dly, That all lands held by private persons, not actually in cultivation, should be subject to an annual tax, the non-payment of which should be followed by the confiscation and seizure of that land. Until this is done there can be no reasonable prospect of the colony making any effectual advance in agriculture, wealth, or sound internal polity."
"6. The topic to which I wish to advert last, is that of the care and education of youth, and of the religious instruction of the colonists. All-important as this topic is, it may however be briefly disposed of. The system which has been established in New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, is, I believe, the best which it would be practicable to devise. It has at least the great recommendation of eminent success and general popularity. Taking therefore the church extension acts of those colonies for your guide,
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you will propose the enactment of a similar law to the legislature of New Zealand."
"The preceding instructions are of necessity drawn up in general terms. If they shall not be found to relieve you from much of the responsibility of your office, they will, I trust, at least serve to indicate the views by which Her Majesty's government are actuated, and the objects which they chiefly desire to attain in the settlement of this new colony; and they will at least direct your attention to many topics which experience shows are too often unheeded in the administration of our colonial governments.
"I am, &c.
(Signed) "J. RUSSELL."
London: Printed by STEWART and MURRAY, Old Bailey.
