[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]
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ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOL. II.
1. PARRAMATTA, THE RESIDENCE AND PROPERTY. OF MR. POLACK, - - To face Title.
2. WATERFALL AT WAITANGI, - - Title.
3. PORTRAIT OF HAUPATU. A CHIEFTESS OF WAIPOA, - - 1
4. SPEARS FORMERLY IN USE - - 29
5. HANI, OR NATIVE SPEAR - - 29
6. MERI OR STONE TOMAHAWK - - 30
7. NA TOKI OR NATIVE AXES - - 31
8. TONGUE OF THE SPEAR - - 32
9. NA PATU OR WAR CLUBS - - 33
10. PORTRAIT OF URUA WERO OR THE RED HAIR - - 35
11. ART OF TATTOOING PRACTISED - - 43
12. IMPLEMENTS USED IN TATTOOING - - 45
13. PATTERN ENGRAVED ON THE FACE. - - 46
14. SIGNATURES OF GNOGNI, WAKATERI, TITORE, AND HARA - - 49
15. SIGNET OF THE CHIEF KOWIT1 - - 50
16. CHIEFS DISCUSSING A SALE OF LAND - - 77
17. FLUTES OF THE NEW ZEALANDERS - - 173
18. THE CONCH OR NATIVE TRUMPET - - 174
13. EAR ORNAMENTS, SHARK'S TOOTH, AND WAKA KAI - - 177
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20. GREEN TALC EAR-RING - - 178
21. THE TIKI, AN ORNAMENT FOR THE BREAST - - 179
22. THE HEARU OR MODERN COMB - - 180
23. ANCIENT COMB - - 181
24. NEW ZEALAND CHISELS - - 220
[CONTENTS]
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
On the Practice of War. --And Predatory Excursions. --Legitimate abilities expected form a Warrior by his Tribe. --Open Warfare rarely attempted. --Method of Discharging Fire Arms. --Accidents arising therefrom. --The War Dance. --Elaborate Postures and Distortion of Features. --Frequency of Civil Collisions, --Departure of Warriors from the Village for the Scene of Strife. --Consistency in being ever Inconsistent. --Frequent Causes of Bickering. --A Bivouac for the Night. --Conduct and Preparations of the Besieged on Viewing the Advance of an Enemy. --Devices to call the attention of Allies. --Sacrifice of the Slain. --Enormities Committed by the Besiegers. --Ejecting of Missiles. --Improvidence of the Besieged. --Insane Method of Quitting a Fort. --Horrors of a Chase. --Brutal Debauch on the Field. --Barbarity of the Victors. --A Valorous Resistance often effects a Conquest. --Surrenders Demanded.
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CHAPTER II.
Extraordinary Interchange of Visits. --Singular System of Barter. --Confidence between Enemies. --Extravagant Folly. --Pompous Diction of an Unlucky Orator. --Impetus required to continue a War. --Prudence of Native Warriors
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--The Heralds' Office. --Reception given to one by an Enemy. --Assent and Opposition. --Effect of War Cries. -- And Cruelty to Animals. --Examination of the Dead and Dying. --Causes for Conflicts, --Method of Skirmishing. --Martial Bombast. --Want of Discipline. --The Melee. -- And Consequences. --The Form of a Battalion. --Imports and Supply of the Commissariat. --Impulses tending to lengthen Hostilities. --Spoils Captured. --Scutage. --Introduction of Fire-Arms and Ammunition. --Its Serviceable Effects in Humanizing the People Illustrated. --Their Military Character and Reckless Exploits. --Treachery Admissible in Native Tactics. --Mutual Wars of Aggression and Extermination. --Revenge. --Spies. --The Oriflamme of a Party. --A Battle Field. --Ransom. --Punishment of Treason. --Travelling in War Time. ...
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CHAPTER III.
Native Fortifications Described. --The Locales Selected. --Scarping. --Causes of Capture. --Stockades. --Interior of a Fort. --Prohibited Vegetation. --Native Contrivances. --Pa of E'Ongi. --Military Weapons of the Aborigines. -- Variety of Spears---Stone Tomahawk. -- Its Use. -- Slingers of Old. --Nature of the Poenamu. --The One-woa. --The Hani. --Toki Pu Tangata. --Patu. --Clubs. --Daggers. --Javelins. --Armour. --Cannon. -- Heated Stones for Projection, etc. --Muniments of the Army. -- Personal Combats. --Suicides. --Treachery. --Punishment of Traitors. --Confusion consequent in Battle. --Trophies..
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CHAPTER IV.
Preserved Heads. --Process Employed. --And Resemblance Retained of their original state. --Excision of the Tongue. --Services Rendered by Decollation. --Practices in Connexion with Decapitation. --British Commerce in Preserved Heads, Prohibited by Governor Darling. --On the Moko or Punc-
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turing the Body. --Distinguishing Traits unobservable to Europeans, its Origin. --Purposes for which it was originally used. --Made Subservient to Idolatry. --Tortures Inflicted by its Performance, and Effects when Performed. --Expertness of various Tribes in the Art. --The Pintados. --Performed on Europeans. --Medical Effects. --Representations Produced on the Head and Body. --Curious Inscription on the Breast of a Sailor. --Effects on Age. --Insignias of a Tribe. --Sign Manuals of Chieftainship. --Professors in the Art of Tattooing. --Conveyancing of Estates. --Female Puncturing--Its Decadence
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CHAPTER V.
Slaves and Slavery. --Its Condition and Employment. --Exchanges and Sales Effected. --Difference of Value in Several Latitudes. --Children Born in Bondage. --Female Slaves. --Low Estimate of Human Life. --Characteristics. --Cruelty of Masters. --Method of Killing Slaves. --When Emancipated become in turn harsh Taskmasters. --Promotion of Slaves. --Cruelty of Mistresses towards Slave Wives. --Revenge. --Horrors attending Slavery. --Sale of Children. --Punishment of Robbers. --Curious Anomaly in the Affections. --Outlawry of Deserters. --Communities of Bondsmen. --State of Morals produced by Slavery. --Character of Slaves
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CHAPTER VI.
Internal Government of the Country. --Primogeniture. --Paramount Rights of an Elder Son. --Discussions of Affairs, Domestic and Foreign. --Nature and Style of the Orations. --Chiefs Amenable to Public Opinion. --Death of E'Ongi. --Termination of an Assembly. --Laws of the New Zealanders. --Nature of Utu. --A Series of Enactments and Usages. --Advantages taken of Misfortunes. --The Reversing of Justice. --Illegal Appropriations. --Continuation of Usages and Cnstoms Persisted in
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Page CHAPTER VII.
Laws on Shipwreck. --Case of the "Harriet."--On the Letting of Lands. --Hiring Slaves. --On Land Purchases. -- Or obtained by Conquest. --Power of Alienating them. --On Land Marks. --Criminality attending their Removal. --Confiscation of the Land. --Ejection from Tribes. --Safety of the Titles of European Purchasers. --Tenants of Native Proprietors. --Purchases of Land by the Church Missionary Society. --Enormous Estate of a Catechist. --Purchases of the Writer, and Value of Land in Australasia. --Price per Acre. --Native Maps. --Mistaken Opinions of the British Public. --Knowledge necessary to be obtained previously to Purchasing Land. --Increase of Colonization. --Advice to future Colonists previously to leaving England. --Climate a principal object to Settlers. --Severity of the Clime to the South
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CHAPTER VIII.
Method of Purchasing Lands--Deliberations of the Chiefs. --Details relative to a Purchase. --Oratory of the Head of a Tribe, Stickling for the Rights of his People. --Interpositions of the Female Proprietors. --Invalid Titles to Land. --A Series of Claims that enables a Native of any grade to lay Claim to a Portion of the Purchase-Money. --High Prices of Land in Australia. --Laws on Marriage and Affiancing. --Their Derivation. --Trial by Ordeal and Punishments. --Native Interdicts, and Cruelties introduced by Semi-Civilization
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CHAPTER IX.
Population of the Country, and Annual Decrease. --Variety of Causes that have occasioned the same, --Infanticide. --Causes to induce its Commission. --Not Accounted a Crime by the Natives. --Inequality of the Sexes. --Causes of the same, --Missionary Notices of the Crime. --
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Manner of Committing it by the People. --Variety of Accidents that befall the Natives, tending towards their Decrease. --Incendiary Vengeance. --How Committed. --Retributive Vengeance. --Proving of Fire-Arms and Cannon. --Accidents arising therefrom
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CHAPTER X.
Pathology. --Diseases indigenous to the People, and Imported by Europeans. --Phrenological Character. --Levitical Nostrums. --Monopoly of Law and Medicine. --Causes of Atrophy. --Leaning towards European Medical Knowledge. --Effects of Mis-application. --Insanity. --An Instance of the Last Man in a Broken Tribe. --Native Morals. --Theft. --Probable Punishmennt. --Award to Freemen Found Guilty. --Chief Receivers of Stolen Property. --On Lying and its Tendencies. --Tales of Successful Fraud. --On Secrecy. --Difficulty in avoiding Disclosures in Reference to Plunder. --Adultery. --Deceptive Cunning. --Dramatic Abilities in Relating Tales. --Effects of Tale-Bearing. --Future Advantages to be Derived by a Knowledge of the English Language. --Effects of the Translation of Juvenile Tales to a Native Auditory. --Sympathy Displayed by the several Grades in Age at Stories addressed to their Tastes and Conceptions.
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CHAPTER XI.
Occupations of the Several Classes in Native Society. --Progress of Civilization. --Present Occupations contrasted with those formerly Pursued. --Supplies Furnished by the Natives to Europe, America and Australia. --Inclination towards Commerce, and the Pursuits of Agriculture. --Effects of Colonial Industry on the Native Population. --Ingenuity of the latter in Carving. --Painting. --Professions Active and Mental. --Classification of Pursuits
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CHAPTER XII. Eloquence. --Abilities of the People and Mental Civiliza-
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tion. --Causes to which it may be attributed. --Oratory and Accompanying Actions. --Personal Address of the People, and General Deportment. --Results arising from Questions of Precedence. --Oratorical Metaphors. --Arrangement of a Debate. --Method of enforcing an Argument. --Abilities for Mechanics. --Present Employment of Native Seamen and Labourers. --Causes for their Idleness hitherto. --Causes why the English Nation is preferred to the French People. --Difficulties Encountered by Early Colonists
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CHAPTER XIII.
Titles of the Aristrocacy--Delight in a multitude of Names. --Accidental Circumstances Tending to Establish a Designation for Life. --Surnames. --A Metrical Answer. --Derivations. --Singular Cause for the Extension of the Language. --Orthographical Pronunciation of the Natives. --Compounded Names. --On the Praenomen, Cognomen and Patronymic. --Mis-use of Sainted Names. --Precautions of the Natives in refusing to give their Names. --Reciprocal Changes of Appellations. --On Tribes. --Native, English, and French. --Name of a Defeated Tribe. --Generic Names. --List of Male and Female Names. --Also of Rivers, Mountains, Villages, and of Tribes. --How Founded. --The Musqueteers. --The Cannibal Tribe. --Are broken by E'Ongi. --Their Desolation and Barbarous Conduct. --Universal Taste of adding Surnames. --Mr. Catlin's Corroborative Testimony of the Indian Tribes of North America. --Obscene Appellations. --On Preserving the National Appellations to Places
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CHAPTER XIV.
Traditional Education. --Ability in Discrimination. --Educational Commands. --On the New Zealand Language. --Preference given by the Natives to speaking English. -- Peculiar Tastes in Study. --Delight in Travelling. --Hicet Ubique. --Adoption of Foreign Habits and Manners. --
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Misuse of Partial Education. --Civilization greatly depending on the Change of Language. --Specimens of the Orthography of Travellers. --Evils Arising from Imperfect Language. --Proverbs and Peculiar Habits. --On the Similarity of Insular Tongues. --Habits of Numeration. --Tact in Mental Arithmetic. --Numerals. --Counting on the Fingers, Toes, and Feet
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CHAPTER XV.
Terms of Relationship. --Interchange of Gifts. --Contrariety in Character. --Anecdote. --Affection of Parents to their Offspring. --Rearing of Children. --Hospitality. --Its Practice. -- Native Etiquette. --Claims of Relatives. --Friendly Compacts. --Adoption. --Gifts. --Voluntary Servitude to Present a Gift. --Pride of Disinterestedness. --Affectation of Generosity. --Presentation Gifts. --Reception of each other. --Arrangement of a Toilette. --Announcements. --Salutation and its Accompaniments. --Personal Address. --Intercourse. --Inimical Visits from Spies. --Gratulation among Friends, and Parting Salutations. --National Sports and Pastimes. --Traits peculiar to Civilized and Savage Life. --Habit of Pursuing Sports
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CHAPTER XVI.
The Native Dances. --Representation of the Passions. --Music. --The Islanders, Chants and Chorusses. --Improvisation. --Acting Themes. --Vocal Powers of the Sexes. --Fescennine Verses. --Recitatives. --Poetry. --Attachment to Singing. --Active Games. --Canoe Racing. --Mock Fights. --The Chase. --Sports Introduced by Foreigners. --The Game of Ti. --Draughts. -- Drawing. --Riddles. --Tales of Legendary Lore. --Imitations. --Musical Instruments. --Recreations of Children. --Precocity of the Sexes. --Early Senility. --Clerical Sports and Harvest Home. --Taste of the People for Ornaments. --The Poenamu, how Obtained. --The Waka Kai. --The Mako. --Expensive Exchange. --
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Articles made use of as Ear Ornaments. --Character given to the New Zealanders from Wearing the Tiki. --Feathers in Universal Repute. --Causes that tended to equalize Native Society. --The Hearu
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CHAPTER XVII.
The Geography of New Zealand. --North Cape. --East and West Coasts. --Latitude of the Islands. --Their Extent, Value, and Anchorages. --Shipping from Europe and Australasia. --Rarely Attempt Cook's Straits. --The Waitangi River. --Its Cascade. --Its Commercial Use. --The West Coast. --Its Rivers. --Prodigious Surges at their Entrances. --Wind Bound. --Hokianga River. --Its Disadvantages. --Wesleyan Missionary Settlements. --French Catholic Mission. --The Baron De Thierry. -- His Purchases. --Residence. --Address to the White Population. --Harbour of Kaipara. --Soil. --Manukau. --Its Situation. --Depopulation --South-West Rivers. --Mount Egmont. --Shipwrecks on the Coast. --Doubtless Bay. --And South-East Harbours. --Frith and River Thames. --Its Navigation
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CHAPTER XVIII.
Cook's Straits. --Port Nicholson. --Remarks Addressed to Colonists. --Climate of the Country, in reference to Priority of Markets. --Raising of the Crops. --Increase and Decrease in its Sale and Delivery. --Lateness of the Crops at the Thames, Cook's Straits, and the West Coast. --Colonists of the New Zealand Land-Company. --South Australia. --Decrease in the Value of Land at Adelaide. --And Advance of Price at Port Lincoln. --Incorrect Accounts of Cook's Straits. --Number of Shipping that enter the Bay of Islands. --Increase of French Commerce. --On the Conduct of the Seamen of Europe. Tee-Totalism. --Soil. --Harbours. --Streams. --Dissimilarity of the Country. --Boundaries of the Coast. --Lagoons and Marshes. --Flax-
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Grounds. --Plains. --Forest-Lands and Mountain Valleys. -- A New Zealand Forest. --Its Description and Unbroken Solitude. --Parasite Plants and Palm-Trees. --Elastic Vegetation. --List of the Principal Palm-trees. --Enumeration of the Principal Trees in the Country. --Peculiarities of a Native Forest. --Vegetable Tracery. --Difficulties that Beset Travellers. --General Character of the Scenery. --The Kukupa and Pareira. --Inhabitants of the Forest. --And Safety Afforded to Wayfarers. --Manner of Sojourning for the Night. --Calmness of a Tropical Night. --Change of Weather. --Horrors of a Storm within the Tropics. --Devastations that Ensue. --Subsequent State of the Country.
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CHAPTER XIX.
Indigenous Productions of the Forest. --The Trees. --Alluvial Deposits. --Deserted State of the Country. --Effects of the Progress of Colonization. --Prospects for 1850. --Mishaps of the Early Colonists of New South Wales. -- Encouragement Afforded to the New Zealand Emigrants. -- Advice to the Future Colonists against Thoughtless Emigration. --Drawbacks to Colonization. --Promises held forth by Advisers to Emigration. --Requires much Cogitation. --Want of Sentiment and Mutual Sympathy. --Aristocracy. --Specimen of a Dictionary for Colonial Terms. State of Public Morals. --Conduct of Colonial Born or Creoles. --Causes for Disobedience. --State Parties. --Colonial Press. --Controversial Disputes, Political and Religious. --South Australia--Rancorous Differences, etc
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CHAPTER XX.
New South Wales and Tasmania. --Amelioration of those Colonies. --Morally and Politically. -- Review Past and Present. --Efficiency of the Government. --And Fitness for Emigration. --Opinions Favourable to Colonization. --Advice on Political Matters. --Protest against Emigration to Foreign Possessions
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CHAPTER XXI.
Ministerial Appointment of a Consul and Lieutenant-Governor for New Zealand, --Hostility of the French People to the Occupation of New Zealand by the British.--"Ships, Colonies and Commerce." --Increase of French Shipping in the South Seas. --The Baron de Thierry. -- Gross Exaggeration of His Pecuniary Means. --Transformation of the Baron into a Sawyer. --Abatement of Zeal on the Part of the French. --Island of Victoria. --Brief Description. --The Northern Portion. --Peculiarities in its Formation. --Mountain Gorges. --Chasms. --And Cataracts. --Coasts from the Sea. --Plains. --Lagoons. --Colonization, where it must be Directed. --Stewart's Island. --Scenery. --Inhabited by Tribes Seeking Shelter. --Foveaux' Straits.
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CHAPTER XXII.
On the Conduct of Europeans towards Uncivilized Nations. --Fallacious Estimate of Character. --Former Wants of the Natives, and Habits of Industry. --Enormous Seines. --On the Native Pantheism. --Native Deceptions. --Missionary Instruction. --Schismatic Differences. --French Catholicism. --Evidence of Witnesses before the Select Committee of Lords to Examine into the State of the Islands of New Zealand. --Decision of the Lords, and Fallacy of their Conclusions
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APPENDIX.
Geographical Position ... 245
Forest Timber-trees ... 249
Gums and Resins ... 265
Edible Plants ... 275
Fruits ...278
Ornithology, etc., ... 281
Geology, etc. ... 287
Flax Plant ... 291
Islands in the vicinity of New Zealand ... 297
