PART III
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GRAMMAR
OF THE
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
PART III. CHAPTER I.
ON PRONUNCIATION.
It may be said that there exists but one language in the whole of New Zealand, with slight differences in pronunciation, and with the occasional use of different words by particular tribes for one and the same object. This arises partly from the singular custom of discontinuing (making tapu) the use of one word, and adopting another instead, which is, however, less the case in the New Zealand than in other Polynesian languages. The variations, however, are not sufficiently great to constitute different dialects.
The written alphabet of the New Zealand language comprehends only fourteen letters. The vowels retain their pure sounds, as in most languages, and the alphabet is as follows: ---
a is pronounced as a in after.
e . . . . . . e in bend.
i . . . . . . i in fish.
o . . . . . . o in fort.
u . . . . . . oo in foot.
ng . . . . . . g, with a strong nasal sound.
h, k, m, n, p, r, t, w retaining their simple sounds.
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THE GRAMMAR.
OBSERVATIONS.
These letters express exactly the sounds as the language is spoken in most parts of the island, and especially in those where, from the slight intercourse between the natives and Europeans, it must be regarded as most pure. These letters are also used by the natives in writing, from having been adopted by the missionaries in their translations of some parts of the sacred writings.
In Cook's Straits the l often appears very distinctly instead of the r, which forms a dialectic difference between the New Zealand language and that of the Sandwich Islands, and is also very common in Greek; the b instead of the p, or the b for the w; or the d for the r. The h, as aspiration before vowels at the beginning and in the middle of words, is more frequently used in the northern than in the southern parts which is of no importance, as it is also very often the case in other languages.
The w is not the English w, but the German: in some words it is the French v, or even the f; for instance in wenua. the land, it is in the southern parts of the island fenua , in other parts venua.
There exists a letter which cannot be expressed correctly by any of the English letters: it most nearly approaches to the th, and is formed by the tongue, but not to the same extent as the th. It is the Anglo-Saxon dh, as in that. In the alphabet the r and the d are used for it, as in the pronunciation of some natives the sound really is an r or a d; for instance---
riri... angry,
might also be written
ridi, or rithi.
Tongariro (name of a mountain) could also be spelled Tongarido, and Tongaritho.
It is not essential for this difference of pronunciation that the number of letters should be increased.
The s is also an occasional dialectical difference, especially if the word begins with a vowel and an aspiration: for in-
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
instance, Hokianga sounds sometimes like Shokianga, hongi like shongi, and also pushi instead of puhi.
Th and dh, as difficult letters, were also dropped in German, but were retained in English.
As regards the accent, it is, in words of two syllables, generally on the first; in polysyllabic words, generally on the penultima.
CHAPTER II.
OF THE ARTICLE.
The definite article is te, corresponding to the. The indefinite article is e or he, or hei (probably dialectic differences), corresponding to our a or an; thus: ---
te manu... the bird,
he manu... a bird.
Sometimes the indefinite article is expressed by e tahi or tetahi., which means one or some.
The plural of both articles is expressed by the word nga; thus: ---
nga manu... the birds, or birds.
In like manner, if tetahi is used, it is preceded in the plural by the word nga: ---
nga tetahi manu... birds, or some birds.
It will be seen in the following chapter how the different cases of the article are formed.
CHAPTER III.
OF THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE.
Noun substantives are indeclinable; but the singular and plural numbers, and the different cases, are distinguished by the changes of the article.
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THE GRAMMAR.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Te manu ....... the bird.
Gen. No (or na, or o, or a) te manu .... of the bird.
Dat. Ki te manu ...... to the bird.
Acc. Te manu ....... the bird.
Voc. E te manu ....... O bird.
Abl. I (or e) te manu ..... from the bird.
PLURAL.
Nom. Nga manu ....... the birds.
Gen. No (or na, or o, or a) nga manu .... of the birds.
Dat. Ki nga manu...... to the birds.
Acc. Nga manu ....... the birds.
Voc. E nga manu...... O birds.
Abl. I (or e) nga manu..... from the birds.
The change of the vowels o and a in the article depends upon euphony, i.e., upon the vowel that precedes or follows the article. Perhaps o or a is originally the singular form and nga the plural.
If the indefinite article is expressed by tetahi, it is declined in the same manner.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Tetahi ika ....... some fish.
Gen. No (or o, or a) tetahi ika ... of some fish.
Dat. Ki tetahi ika ...... to some fish.
Acc. Tetahi ika ....... some fish.
Voc. E tetahi ika ...... O fish.
Abl. I (or e) tetahi ika ..... from some fish.
PLURAL.
Nom. Nga tetahi ika ...... some fishes.
Gen. No (or na, or o, or a) tetahi ika .... of some fishes.
Dat. Ki nga tetahi ika ..... to some fishes.
Acc. Nga tetahi ika ..... some fishes.
Voc. E nga tetahi ika ..... 0 fishes. Abl. I {or e) nga tetahi ika ... from some fishes.
OBSERVATIONS.
1. No or o of the genitive case is generally used for denoting possession; thus: ---
Etako's house . . . te ware o Etako.
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
Also to denote the place of birth, or the dwelling:
Te Pakea o Uropi . . . the stranger from Europe.
E nga iwi o tawiti. . . you tribes from afar.
A and na are used in expressing relationship; as: ---
Te Tama a Warepouri . . . the son of Warepouri.
Te Tuwahine na Erangi . . . Erangi's sister.
Or to denote an action; as: ---
Te korero na Kauwau . . . the speeeh of Kauwau.
2. Very frequently, instead of these different expressions of the genitive case, to or ta is used; and in that case the construction is in the following peculiar manner: ---
The village of Epuni . . . ta Epuni kainga.
The custom of the natives . . . to maori ritenga..
Proper names are declined in the following manner: ---
Nom. Ko Etako, or Etako.
Gen. Na or no, a or o Etako.
Dat. Ki Etako.
Acc. Etako.
Voc. Etako.
Abl. I a Etako.
If the word begins with a vowel, the e of the vocative is omitted; if with a consonant, the article is e, or e te: for instance, ---e Paki, oh Paki, or e te Paki.
CHAPTER III.
OF GENDER.
The gender is expressed in man, animals, and some plants by adding the word signifying male or female to the noun. It is remarkable that the natives early observed the difference of the organs of fructification in different individuals of the same tree or plant, and expressed it in their language. The words used are tane for the male, and wahine for the female; thus: ---
He matua tane .... a father.
He matua wahine ..... a mother.
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THE GRAMMAR.
He pononga tane ..... a male servant.
He pononga wahine .... a female servant.
He tane manu ..... a cock-bird.
He wahine manu ..... a hen-bird.
It is, however, more general in speaking of animals to use the words touarawa for the male, and huwha for the female sex; as: ---
He touarawa ika ..... a male fish.
He huwha ika ...... a female fish.
Particular words serve for expressing different relationships: ---
Teina ........ a younger brother.
Tuakana ....... an elder brother.
Tungane ..... a brother.
Tuwahine ....... a sister.
Tamahine ....... daughter.
Tamariki ....... son.
In other cases the words tane and wahine are added; as: ---
Hungawai tane ..... father-in-law.
Hungawai wahine ..... mother-in-law.
In other cases no distinction is made: ---
Matua ke ....... uncle and aunt.
Mokopuna ....... niece and nephew.
CHAPTER IV.
OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives, if used without a substantive, have generally the prefix ka; for instance: ---
Pai ........ good.
Kapai ....... good.
When they are joined to a substantive this prefix is omitted; thus: ---
Te taro pai ...... the good bread.
In this case the adjective follows immediately after the substantive.
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
If we wish to express the quality of an object, by interposing in our language the auxiliary verb to be, the latter is often omitted in the New Zealand language, and the adjective, with the prefix, is placed before the substantive; or if the prefix is given, the indefinite article e or he is placed before the adjective; for instance: ---
Kapai te taro .....
E pai te taro ..... the bread is good.
GRADATIONS.
A gradation, without comparison, is often expressed by a repetition of the root, as in Italian: thus: ---
Pai ........ good.
Paipai ....... very good.
Or by adding to one of these forms the auxiliary verb waka: ---
Wakapai ...... good.
Wakapaipai ..... very good.
Or by adding the word tino, much: ---
E paki te ra ..... the day is calm.
E tino paki te ra .... the day is very calm.
A gradation is also very commonly formed by the words nui (large) or nuinui, contracted nunui; or by the words nohi or nohinohi, contracted nonohi; thus: ---
He puke nui ..... a high hill.
He puke nunui, or nuinui .... a very high hill.
He waka nohinohi .... a very small canoe.
Sometimes it is expressed by the word rawa: ---
Ka riri rawa ia .... he became very angry.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE.
1. Comparative of Equality.
This is formed with the adverbs penei (like this) or me (a conjunction meaning and); thus: ---
He Rangatira nui ko Heu Heu me (or penei) Rauparaha.
Heu Heu is as great a chief as Rauparaha.
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THE GRAMMAR.
2. Comparative of Superiority.
It is formed with the word ake: ---
Nui ........ great.
E nui ake ....... greater.
With the word atu: ---
Rahi ........ great.
Rahi atu ....... greater.
Or it is expressed by the word nui (great) on one side, and the word iti (little) on the other, which is the most simple way.
In the first and second cases the conjunction i, which may be regarded as the ablative of the article, or me (and), follows the comparative.
Thus the sentence, "this boat is larger than the other, " may be expressed in the following different ways: ---
He nui ake tenei waka i (or me) tenei.
He nui atu tenei waka i tenei.
He nui tenei waka, he iti tenei.
Or: ---
He waka nui ake tenei i tena.
He waka nui atu tenei i tena.
He waka nui tenei, he iti tena.
3. Comparative of Inferiority.
It is expressed negatively in the following manner: ---
The tribe of the Nga te Awa is smaller than the tribe of Waikato.
E kore hoki ko te iwi Nga te Awa e nui i te iwi na Waikato.
The tribe of the Nga te Awa is not so large as that of the Waikato.
It may also be given by the word nui (large) on one side and iti (small) on the other: ---
E nui ko te hapu Waikato, e iti ko te hapu Nga te Awa.
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE.
The superlative is formed---
1. By the word rawa being added to the adjective.
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
2. By the word rahi; for instance: ---
Te kaipuka nui rawa ....
Te kaipuke nui rahi .... the greatest ship.
CHAPTER V.
OF THE VERBS.
The conjugation of verbs in the New Zealand language is attended with little difficulty, on account of the noun substantive serving also to express the verb; or rather, the verb is the principal word of the language, the infinitive being the root from which the noun is derived; thus: ---
E karanga ...... a call.
e karanga ahau ..... I call.
But there are certain particles in the language, which, although often omitted, appear to be of use in the formation of the verbs, and may be regarded as auxiliary.
These particles are ana, ano, hoki, ra, or ra hoki. In adding one or several of these and the personal pronoun to the substantive, the latter is at once transformed into a verb; for instance:
E mohio ...... a knowledge, or I know.
E mohio ana ahau .... I know.
E mohio ana ano hoki ahau .. I know.
E mohio ano ...... I know.
It seems to depend greatly upon euphony which one of these particles is chosen, or how many of them; and such is the simplicity of the language, that they, together with the personal pronoun, may be omitted; and the mere root serves in this case as a verb.
Auxiliary Verbs.
Not less simple are the auxiliary verbs to be and to have, both of which are generally omitted; for instance: ---
Kei hea koutou?
Where you all?
Where are you all?
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THE GRAMMAR.
He aha tenei kia taua?
A what that to us?
What is that to us?
He wakapaipai tou kakahu.
A very beautiful thy mat.
Thy mat is very beautiful.
Ka nui taku aroha kia koe.
(It is) great my love. to you.
I love you much.
He ware pai ki ahau.
A house good to me.
I have a good house.
Sometimes, especially in giving an answer, the particle ano or ra may be regarded as the auxiliary verb, and may be translated by "it is," or "truly;" for instance: ---
Emarama apopo e matou ki te mahi?
Friends to-morrow you to the work?
Friends, will you work to-morrow?
Kahore, e ra tapu ano apopo.
No, to-morrow is a sacred day.
Of Active and Passive Verbs.
A distinction is not always made between passive and active verbs; the passive, however, is in most cases formed by adding a syllable to the infinitive of the active verb.
1. The syllable most commonly used for forming the passive is tia; for instance: ---
Wakakororia ...... glorifying.
Wakakororiatia ..... glorified.
Wakangaueue ..... shaking.
Wakangaueuetia..... shaken.
Wakahawea ...... despising.
Wakahaweatia ..... despised.
2. In other cases it is the syllable hina: ---
Aroha ....... loving.
Arohahina ...... beloved.
(Also arohatia.)
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
3. In others na: ---
Arahi ........ guide.
Arahina ....... guided.
Aki ........ tossing.
Akina ....... tossed.
Rongo ....... hear.
Rongona ....... beared.
4. In others hia: ---
Wakatangi ...... sounding.
Wakatangihia ...... sounded.
5. In others a: ---
Wakapoto ....... shorten.
Wakapotoa ...... shortened.
6. In others mia, or ngia.
I have not been able to determine upon what depends the choice of any one of these affixes: often one is taken arbitrarily for the other, and custom and euphony seem to decide it.
In the Vocabulary I have endeavoured to give the passive forms most commonly used.
Of Impersonal Verbs.
They are infinitives or roots, with the particle ana, which is again the auxiliary; thus: ---
E ua ana......a rain it is, or it rains.
Of Causative Verbs.
It is a peculiarity of the New Zealand language that, by prefixing the particle waka, a causative verb can be formed from any verb; thus: ---
Rongo ....... hear.
Wakarongo ...... cause to hear or listen.
Matau ....... to know.
Wakamatau ...... cause to know or teach.
In most cases waka corresponds to the French "faire." This peculiarity enriches the language without complicating its acquisition, as, from knowing a simple root, which is substantive, adjective, and adverb, the verb can be formed
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THE GRAMMAR.
by merely adding a particle; and from the verbs not only its abstract substantive, but also the causative verb and its abstract substantive can be formed. Although not. strictly belonging to this place, it will not be amiss to mention that the abstract substantive is formed from the verb and causative verb by the words nga, tanga, or ranga, or kanqa. An example will illustrate this etymology in the shortest manner: ---
Marama.. Subst..... moon, light.
------ .. Adj... light, clear.
------ .. Adv:... peacefully, clearly.
Marama ana.. Verb... to be light.
Maramatanga.. Abstr. sub.. light.
Wakamarama.. Caus. verb.. to enlighten.
Wakamaramatanga.. Abstr. caus. sub.. enlightening.
Matau... Adv... knowing, knowingly.
Matau... Verb... to know.
Matauranga.. Subst... understanding.
Wakamatau. Caus. verb.. teach.
Wakamatauranga Abst. caus. sub. doctrine.
In the formation of abstract substantives the New Zealand language is not of an inferior order, and at the same time its derivations from one root are characterised by great simplicity. Which of the three affixes is used depends upon custom, perhaps upon a dialectic difference. The abstract, substantive very often signifies the time or the occasion when an act is done.
To return to the conjugation of verbs.
Active Verb.
MOODS AND TENSES.
The present tense of the infinitive mood is nothing else than the substantive; thus: ----
Kakino te tahae.....it is bad to steal, or bad is the theft.
The past infinitive is formed by changing the construction:
Ka korero ia i kai ai tangata.. he acknowledged to have eaten human flesh.
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
The participle is formed with the particle ana: ---
E korero ana ...... speaking.
Also with the syllable ka; for instance: ---
Ka korero ia ...... him speaking.
The present indicative is formed from the participle with the personal pronoun; thus: ---
E aroha ana ahau.... I love.
But ana may be omitted, or it may be used with another of the customary particles---ano, ra, ra hoki; or the latter may be used alone, as already observed.
The past tense is formed by prefixing the syllable kua; for instance: ---
Kua kite ahau ..... I saw, or have seen.
The past tense can also be formed by the syllables i and ai, or one of them alone; thus: ---
Taku matua ahau i karanga.. my father has called me.
Taku matua i karanga ai ahau.
I rongo ai matou ..... we have heard.
The future tense is formed by the syllable ka, or the syllable ai, or by both together; for instance: ---
Kai ai ahau
Ka kai ahau ..... I shall eat.
Ka kai ai ahau
The imperative either is merely the root of the verb, or is formed by the syllable ka or kia being prefixed to it: ---
Kia tu ngatahi taua.... let us stand together.
Kia tata mai kira au.... let him come near to me.
The subjunctive mood is formed by prefixing the syllable kia, and affixing the syllable ai to the verb: ---
Kia hoatu ai ia.....that he may give.
The conjugation of the causative verbs is the same as that of the active verbs.
I will now give an example of the conjugation of verbs.
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THE GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER VI.
EXAMPLES OF THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
EXAMPLE. Te kai... To eat.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
E kai ana ahau... I eat.
----------- koe .... Thou eatest.
-----------ia .... He eats.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE DUAL.
---------- taua .... We (two only) eat.
----------korua ... You ----------
----------raua .... They ----------
SECOND OR RELATIVE DUAL.
E kai ana maua ... We (two on our side) eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE PLURAL.
------ tatou ... We (all together, more than two) eat.
------- koutou ... You -------
------- ratou ... They -------
SECOND OR RELATIVE PLURAL.
------- matou ... We (all on our side) eat.
PAST TENSES.
SINGULAR.
Kua or ka kai ahau .. I have eaten, or I was eating, or I had eaten, or when I was eating.
------ koe ... Thou hast eaten.
------ ia ... He has eaten.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE DUAL.
------- taua ... We (two only) have eaten.
------- korua ... You ------
------- raua .. They -------
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
SECOND OR RELATIVE DUAL.
Kua or ka kai maua .. We (two on our side) have eaten.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE PLURAL. ------ tatou ... (We (all together, more than two)have eaten. have eaten.
------ koutou .. You ------
------ ratou .. They ------
SECOND OR RELATIVE PLURAL.
Kua or ka kai matou .. We (all on our side) have eaten.
ANOTHER FORM OF THE PAST TENSES.
I kai ai au ..... I have eaten.
--- koe .. . Thou hast eaten.
--- ia ..... He has eaten.
And so on.
FUTURE TENSE.
SINGULAR.
Ka kai au (ahau), or kai ai ahau, or ka kai ai ahau ... I shall eat.
------ koe. Thou shalt eat.
------ ia. He shall eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE DUAL.
------- taua. We (two only) shall eat.
------ korua. You -------
------- raua. They -------
SECOND OR RELATIVE DUAL.
------ maua. We (two on our side) shall eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE PLURAL.
------ tatou. We (all together) shall eat.
------ koutou You ------
------ ratou. They ------
SECOND OR RELATIVE PLURAL.
------ matou We (all on our side) shall eat.
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THE GRAMMAR.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR.
Kai koe, or kai ra koe ... Eat thou.
Kia kai ia, or kia kai ra ia ... Let him or her eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE DUAL.
Kia kai (ra) taua ... Let us (two only) eat.
Ka or kia kai (ra) korua ... Do you ------
------ raua. Let them ------
SECOND OR RELATIVE DUAL.
------ maua ... Let us (two on our side) eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE PLURAL.
Ka or kia kai tatou ... Let us (all together) eat.
------ (ra) koutou. Do you------
------ ratou. Let them ------
SECOND OR RELATIVE PLURAL.
------ matou. Let us (all on our side) eat.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR.
Kia kai ai ahau ... I may eat.
---------- koe .... Thou mayest eat.
---------- ia .... He may eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE DUAL.
Kia kai ai taua .... We (two only (may eat.
---------- korua .... You -------
---------- raua .... They -------
SECOND OR RELATIVE DUAL
Kia kai ai maua ... We (two on our side) may eat.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE PLURAL.
------ tatou ... We (all together) may eat.
------ koutou ... You ------
------ ratou ... They ------
SECOND OR RELATIVE PLURAL.
------ matou ... We (all on our side) may eat.
The other tenses seem to be deficient in the language.
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
Example of a Passive Verb.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
E aroha ana ahau ... I love.
E arohahina ana ahau ... I am loved.
-------- koe ... Thou art loved.
PAST TENSES.
Kua arohahina ahau ... I was or I have been loved.
FUTURE TENSE.
Ahau e arohahina ai.. I shall be loved.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Arohahina koe, or arohahina ra koe ..... Be thou loved,
Kia arohahina ia, or kia arohahina ra ia .... Let him or her be loved.
FIRST OR ABSOLUTE DUAL.
Kia arohahina ra taua ... Let us (two only) be loved.
------ korua ... You ------
------ raua ... They ------
The other persons and numbers are expressed by the change of the personal pronouns.
The other tenses can be easily formed by changing the active root aroha into the passive arohina.
Example of a Causative Verb.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
ACTIVE FORM.
E matau ana ahau ... I know.
CAUSATIVE FORM.
SINGULAR.
E waka matau ana ahau ... I cause to know or teach.
------- koe ... You teach.
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THE GRAMMAR.
PAST TENSE.
Kua or ka waka matau ahau ... I have teached.
FUTURE TENSE.
Ahau e waka matau ai ... I shall teach.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Waka matau koe ... Teach thou.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
Kia waka matau ahau ... I may teach.
PAST TENSE.
-------ai ahau. I should have teached.
Examples of Impersonal Verbs.
He ua ana ..... It rains.
He hau papa ana ... It snows.
He watitiri ana .... It thunders.
He wira ana .... It lightens.
He witi mai ana ... It appears.
He hau auru ana ... It blows from the west.
Formation of the Passive Verbs from their Active Form.
| ACTIVE FORM
|
|
PASSIVE FORM
|
|
| Aroha.
|
To love.
|
Arohahina
|
To be beloved.
|
| Arahi.
|
guide.
|
Arahina
|
guided.
|
| Aru
|
follow.
|
Arumia
|
followed.
|
| Akiri
|
throw.
|
Akiritia.
|
thrown.
|
| Aki...
|
toss.
|
Akina
|
tossed.
|
| Ti...
|
put out.
|
Tinia..
|
put out.
|
| Urunga.
|
repose.
|
Urungatia
|
brought to epose.
|
| Huti..
|
weed.
|
Hutia...
|
weeded.
|
| Karanga
|
call.
|
Karangatia
|
called.
|
| Kino
|
hate.
|
Kinotia.
|
hated.
|
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NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
| ACTIVE FORM
|
|
PASSIVE FORM
|
|
| Koropupu. To
|
boil.
|
Koropuputia.
|
To be boiled.
|
| Korero.
|
speak
|
Korerotia.
|
spoken.
|
| Mahara
|
consider.
|
Maharatia
|
considered.
|
| Mea..
|
do.
|
Meatia
|
done.
|
| Motu ke
|
separate.
|
Motuhia ketia
|
separated.
|
| Patu..
|
kill.
|
Patukia..
|
killed.
|
| Ringi
|
fill.
|
Ringihia.
|
filled.
|
| Rupe rupe.
|
shake.
|
Rupe rupea.
|
shaked.
|
| Takahi..
|
thread.
|
Takahia.
|
threaded.
|
| Rongo.
|
hear.
|
Rongona
|
heard.
|
| Tata..
|
bruise.
|
Tatahia.
|
bruised.
|
| Mahanga
|
offend.
|
Mahangatia.
|
offended.
|
| Tahuri..
|
turn.
|
Tahuritia
|
turned.
|
| Wakatangi.
|
sound.
|
Wakatangihia
|
sounded.
|
| Wakakino.
|
corrupt.
|
Wakakinongia
|
corrupted.
|
| Wakaora
|
deliver.
|
Wakaorangia
|
delivered.
|
| Weteki.
|
loosen.
|
Wetekina
|
loosened.
|
| Wakakakahu
|
clothe.
|
Wakakakahuria
|
clothed.
|
| Wakama
|
clean.
|
Wakamakia.
|
cleaned.
|
| Hua..
|
call.
|
Huaina.
|
called.
|
| Wakakororia
|
glorify.
|
Wakakororiatia
|
glorified.
|
| Wakahawea
|
despise.
|
Wakahaweatia
|
despised.
|
| Wakarihariha
|
abhor.
|
Wakariharihangia
|
abhorred.
|
| Tuhea..
|
desert.
|
Tuheatia
|
deserted.
|
| Tango.
|
take off.
|
Tangohia
|
taken off.
|
| Wakateitei.
|
exalt.
|
Wakateiteitia
|
exalted.
|
| Wakamatara
|
remove.
|
Wakamataratia
|
removed.
|
| Wakapoto.
|
shorten.
|
Wakapotoa.
|
shortened.
|
[Image of page 345]
THE GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER VII.
OF PRONOUNS.
Personal Pronouns.
SINGULAR[and] FIRST DUAL.
Ahau, or au .... I
Taua ... we (two only).
Koe ..... thou
Korua .... you (two only)
ia.....he
Raua... they (two only)
SECOND DUAL.
Maua ... we (we two on our side).
FIRST PLURAL (more than two).
Tatou ... we (all together).
Koutou ... you (all together)
Ratou ... they (all together).
SECOND PLURAL.
Matou.. we (we all on our side)
1. The nominative of the first person of the personal pronoun is generally preceded by the prefix ko:
Ko ahau te kai tiaki ... I am the guardian.
In this case it begins the phrase: in the conjugation of verbs it follows the verb, thus: ---
E aroha ana ahau ... I love.
2. The use of two duals and two plurals in the first person is common to all the Polynesian languages, and is found also in some of the American dialects.
a. The first is used if one speaks for himself and another with him, no one else being present; for instance: ---
Kia haere taua .... let us go (you and I).
b. The second is used, when, in the presence of others, one addresses himself to another; for instance: ----
Kia haere maua ... let us go (you and I), and the others stay behind.
[Image of page 346]
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
The second and third persons are alike for both duals; for instance: one meets two on the road; he salutes them---
Tena ra korua? .... how do you do?
Or,
Nahea raua? ... where do those two come from?
c. The first plural is used with the same distinctions: if speaks for all present; for instance: ---
Kia haere tatou ki te atata ... let us all travel at daylight.
The second plural speaks to a number of persons with reference to another party; for instance: ---
Kia haere matou ... let us go.
Declension of the Personal Pronouns.
The personal pronouns are thus declined: ---
|
|
SINGULAR.
|
FIRST DUAL
|
| Nom.
|
Ahau.
|
I.
|
Taua...
|
we (two only).
|
| Gen.
|
Naku.
|
of me.
|
No, or o taua. Na, or a taua
|
of us ---
|
| Dat.
|
Ki ahau.
|
to me.
|
Kia taua
|
to us ---
|
| Ace.
|
Ahau.
|
me.
|
Taua
|
us ---
|
| Abl.
|
I ahau
|
from me.
|
la taua
|
from us ---
|
SECOND DUAL.
| Nom.
|
Maua....
|
we (two on our side).
|
| Gen.
|
No, or o; Na, or a; maua
|
of us------
|
| Dat.
|
Kia maua,
|
to us ------
|
| Acc.
|
Maua
|
us ----
|
| Abl.
|
la maua
|
from us------
|
FIRST PLURAL.
| Nom.
|
Tatou...
|
we (all together).
|
| Gen.
|
No, or o; Na, or a tatou
|
of us ---
|
| Dat.
|
Kia tatou,
|
to us ---
|
| Acc.
|
Tatou...
|
us ---
|
| Abl.
|
la tatou
|
from us ---
|
[Image of page 347]
THE GRAMMAR.
SECOND PLURAL.
| Nom.
|
Matou
|
we (all on our side).
|
| Gen.
|
No, or o; Na or a; matou
|
of us
|
| Dat.
|
Kia matou
|
to us
|
| Acc. |
Matou
|
us
|
| Abl.
|
la matou.
|
from us
|
Note. ---The first person ahau is often abbreviated into au.
Declension of the Second Person.
SINGULAR.
| Norn.
|
Koe...
|
thou.
|
| Gen.
|
Nau, or nou.
|
of thee.
|
| Dat.
|
Kia koe.
|
to thee.
|
| Ace.
|
Koe...
|
thee.
|
| Voc.
|
E koe...
|
O thou.
|
| Abl.
|
la koe
|
from thee, or with thee.
|
| Nom. Korua
|
you (two only).
|
PLURAL.
The other cases as above, the pronoun not being altered.
Declension of the Third Person.
| Nom. la .....
|
he or she.
|
| Gen. Nana, or nona
|
of him or her.
|
| Dat. Kia ia....
|
to him or her.
|
| Acc. Ia.....
|
him or her.
|
| Abl. Ia ia.....
|
from him or her.
|
| DUAL.
|
|
| Nom. Raua
|
they (two only).
|
| PLURAL.
|
|
| Nom. Ratou.....
|
they (all together).
|
| Possessive Pronouns.
|
| Taku, or toku....
|
my or mine.
|
| Tau, or tou...
|
thy or thine.
|
| Tana, or tona....
|
his or her.
|
[Image of page 348]
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
Declension of the Possessive Pronouns of the First Person.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Toku or taku, aku or oku ... my or mine.
Gen. No or o, na or a, toku or taku ... of mine.
Dat. Ki toku or taku, or maku or moku ... to mine.
Acc. Toku or taku ...... mine.
Voc. E toku or taku ...... 0 mine.
Abl. I a toku or taku ..... from mine.
FIRST DUAL.
Nom. To or ta taua ... our (belonging to us two only).
The other cases are formed by changing the article, as usual.
SECOND DUAL.
Nom. To or ta maua ... our (belonging to us two on our side).
The other cases by changing the article.
FIRST PLURAL.
Nom. To or ta, o or a tatou our (belonging to us all together)
The other cases by changing the article.
SECOND PLURAL.
Nom. To or ta, o or a matou ... our (belonging to us all on our side).
The other cases by changing the article.
Declension of the Possessive Pronouns of the Second Person.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Tau or tou, or to, ou or au ... thy or thine.
Gen. Nou or nau ...... of thine.
Dat. Ki tou ........ to thine.
Acc. As the nominative --- thine.
Voc. E tou ........ 0 thine.
Abl. Ia tou........ from thine.
DUAL.
Nom. To or ta korua ... yours.
The other cases with the usual particles.
FIRST PLURAL.
Nom To or ta. o or a koutou ... your (to you all together)
[Image of page 349]
THE GRAMMAR.
THIRD PERSON.
Nom. Tona or tana, ona or ana ... his or her.
DUAL.
Nom. To or ta, o or a raua ... -------
PLURAL.
Nom. To or ta, o or a ratou ... their.
The other cases are exactly the same as the personal pronouns.
Observations on the Possesive Pronouns: ---
1. The possessive pronoun precedes the substantive; for instance: ---
Taku matau tenei ... this is my fish-hook.
2. Generally the prefix ko is used, and precedes the possessive pronoun, as---ko taku matau tenei.
Interrogative Pronouns.
Wai or ko wai ..... who.
Ma or mo wai ..... for whom.
Na or no wai ..... whose.
Tehea or kotehea .... who.
He aha or aha ..... what or which.
No or na, or mo te aha .... of which? why?
Ki te aha ...... for which or what.
The personal interrogative pronouns precede the object. The rest are vised for things, and are often placed at the end of the phrase.
E korero ana koe kia ratou ki nga kupu wakarite ki te aha? ... Why do you speak to them in parables?
Literally: ---
A speaking to them in a likening speech for what?
E aha koe e noho ai? ... What do you stop for?
E haere aha mai? ... What do you come for?
Ko tehea te ara? ... Which is the road?
Observations on the use of the Interrogative Pronouns: ---
Wai or ko wai
Na or no wai
Ma or mo wai
are used with the persons and names; --- for instance:
[Image of page 350]
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
Mo wai tenei pikau ... Whose or for whom is this load? (who has to carry it?)
Na, or no wai tenei pikau ... To whom does this load belong as property?
Kowai to ingoa ... What is thy name?
Kotehea tangata o koutou ... Who or what man of you?
Kotehea is also used for things.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
SINGULAR.
This or that ... tenei, if very near.
------ ... tena, if in sight.
------ .. tera, if at a distance.
PLURAL. Those ... enei, if very near.
------ ... ena, if in sight.
------ ... era, if at a distance.
That ... taua.
For instance: ---
i taua ra ... at that day.
Those ... ana.
Relative Pronouns.
These are wanting in the New Zealand, and must be expressed by the use of the participle of the passive, for instance: ---
The word which you have heard.
Te kupu i rongona e koutou.
The word heard by you.
Or by the perfect tense of the active: ---
Te kupu kua rongo koutou. The word you have heard.
Or by the genitive case of the personal pronoun nana: ---
The man who showed us.
Te tangata nana i wakakite mai ki a matou.
The man of him has shown to us.
[Image of page 351]
THE GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER VIII.
NUMERALS.
The decimal system is that in use among the New Zealanders.
CARDINAL NUMBERS.
| Tahi........................
|
1
|
Ono
|
6
|
| Rua
|
2
|
Witu.
|
7
|
| Toru
|
3
|
Waru.
|
8
|
| Wa
|
4
|
Iwa
|
9
|
| Rima
|
5
|
Ngahuru, or te kau.
|
10
|
In this single form, however, the numerals are only used when joined by the conjunctive particle to others; for instance, te kau ma wa, fourteen; etoru ma toru, three and three. In all other cases a prefix is used, and euphony alone seems to decide to which prefix the preference is given.
| 1
|
Etahi, or kotahi, or tokotahi.
|
18
|
Kotahi te kau ma waru.
|
| 2
|
Erua, korua, tokorua.
|
19
|
Kotahi te kau ma iwa.
|
| 3
|
Etoru, kotoru, tokotoru.
|
20
|
Erua te kau.
|
| 4
|
Ewa, kowa, tokowa.
|
21
|
Erua te kau ma tahi.
|
| 5
|
Erima, korima, tokorima.
|
30
|
Etoru te kau.
|
| 6
|
Eono, koono, tokoono.
|
40
|
Ewa te kau.
|
| 7
|
Ewitu, kowitu, tokowitu.
|
50
|
Erima te kau.
|
| 8
|
Ewaru, kowaru, tokowaru.
|
60
|
Eono te kau.
|
| 9
|
Eiwa, koiwa, tokoiwa.
|
70
|
Ewitu te kau.
|
| 10
|
Ngahuru, kongahuru, tokongahuru, or kotahi te kau.
|
80
|
Ewaru te kau.
|
|
|
|
90
|
Eiwa te kau.
|
| 11
|
Kotahi te kau ma tahi.
|
100
|
Kotahi te rau.
|
| 12
|
Kotahi te kau ma rua.
|
101
|
Kotahi te rau ma tahi.
|
| 13
|
Kotahi te kau ma toru.
|
110
|
Kotahi te rau ma te kau.
|
| 14
|
Kotahi te kau ma wa.
|
200
|
Erua te rau.
|
| 15
|
Kotahi te kau ma rima.
|
300
|
Etoru te rau.
|
| 16
|
Kotahi te kau ma ono.
|
1000
|
Kotahi mano.
|
| 17
|
Kotahi te kau ma witu.
|
2000
|
Erua mano, and so on.
|
Note. ---In numerals the syllable ma is always used as the conjunctive particle, never the syllable me; for instance: Kotahi te kau ma toru, thirteen. To express an indefinite number, the word tini, or tini tint, is generally used.
[Image of page 352]
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
The first . . . Te tuatahi, or Ko tetahi.
The second . . . Te tuarua, or Ko terua.
The third . . . Te tuatoru, or Ko tetoru.
The fourth . . . Te tuawa, or Ko tewa.
The fifth . . Te tuarima, or Ko terima.
The sixth . . . Te tuaono, or Ko teono.
The seventh . . . Te tuawitu, or Ko tewitu.
The eighth . . . Te tuawaru, or Ko tewaru.
The ninth . . . Te tuaiwa, or Ko teiwa.
The tenth . . . Te te kau, or Ko te tekau, or Te ngahuru.
The eleventh . . . Te te kau ma tahi.
The twentieth . . . Te tuarua te kau.
Note. ---The ordinal numbers, when joined to substantives, are thus formed: ---
The first day ... Te ra tuatahi, Ko te ra tetahi.
The first woman ... Te tuatahi wahine.
Takitahi .... Counting by single numbers.
Adverbs relating to Place.
| Nahea, Nohea, Ihea. - whence.
|
tive, nga tangata o mua atu i a koutou, men who were before you.
|
| Keihea, where, whither.
|
Ki mua, before.
|
| Kohea, which way.
|
Kiwaho, out.
|
| Konei, Kikonei, Here
|
Aroaro, before, in the presence of; used with the Genitive case, ki te aroaro o nga tangata, in the presence of men.
|
| Nokonei, of this place. Koneimai, this way. |
|
| Koina, there.
|
I roto, within; used with the Ablative case, i roto i te ware, within the house.
|
| Koinatu, that way. Tenei taha, this side.
|
|
| Tera taha, that side.
|
I, in.
|
| Tawiti, far.
|
No roto, out of.
|
| Tawititawiti, very far.
|
Ki muri, behind.
|
| A----tawiti,* a great distance.
|
Tetahi wahi, partly.
|
| Ki, into, in, to, upon, of.
|
Mai, hither, here.
|
| Kirunga, upon; with the Dative, kirunga ki te maunga, upon the mountain.
|
Ki matau ki maui, right and left.
|
|
|
I te reinga, in the other world.
|
| Kiraro, down, below.
|
Kikoina, there.
|
| O mua, before: with the Abla-
|
Heikonei, here.
|
* The sound of the A is drawn out.
[Image of page 353]
THE GRAMMAR.
| Adverbs relating to Time. |
|
| These are particularly numerous. |
|
| |
|
| Ahea, when? used for the future.
|
I na mate, anciently.
|
| Mahia, when? used for the past.
|
0 na mata, in the days of old.
|
| I te timatanga, at the beginning.
|
I mua, formerly.
|
| I te mutunga, at the end.
|
O mua, formerly.
|
| I reira, then, at that time.
|
A muri, hereafter.
|
| Aianei, to-day.
|
Muri, hereafter, afterwards.
|
| Inaianei, to-day.
|
I muri, idem.
|
| Inanahi, yesterday.
|
A te ahi ahi, in the evening.
|
| Apopo, to-morrow.
|
I te witinga o te ra, at sunrise.
|
| Atetahi ra, the day after tomorrow.
|
I te toenetanga o te ra, at sunset. I tenei ra i tenei ra, continually.
|
| Awaki, two days after to-morrow.
|
Ina po, last night. I te ata, in the morning.
|
| Awaki nui atu, three days after to-morrow.
|
I te atata, idem. A i waenganui po, at midnight.
|
| Ina tahira, the day before yesterday.
|
Kawatea, noon. I te awatea, at daybreak.
|
| Ina tetahi ra, three days ago.
|
Aku nei, directly.
|
| Ina waki, four days ago.
|
Akenoi, until.
|
| Ina waki nui atu, five days ago.
|
Atawatea, midday, noon.
|
| I te ao, by day.
|
Tetahi wahi, a moment.
|
| I te po, by night.
|
Wawe, suddenly.
|
|
|
| Adverbs of Affirmation.
|
| Ae, yes.
|
Koia ra, certainly.
|
| Ae ra yea, no doubt.
|
Ara, truly.
|
| Koia, yes.
|
|
|
|
| Adverbs of Negation.
|
| Aua, no, I don't know.
|
Ehara, not.
|
| Kaua, do not.
|
Ahore, not.
|
| Ekore, no, not.
|
Ana raia, but not.
|
| Ekore rawa, by no means.
|
Kanaka, neither.
|
| Kihai, not.
|
Kei, not.
|
| Hore, no.
|
Kahore, not.
|
| Hore rawa, never.
|
Kore, no.
|
|
|
| Adverbs of Interrogation.
|
| Ke ihea, where, whither?
|
Ahea, when?
|
| Kohea, which way?
|
E aha, what?
|
| Nohea, whence?
|
E hia, how many?
|
| Ihea, whence?
|
Mahia, when?
|
| Mo te aha? why?
|
|
[Image of page 354]
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.
| Adverbs of Doubt
|
|
| Pe, or pea, perhaps.
|
Koia pea, probably.
|
| Ana pea, perhaps (ironically).
|
|
|
|
|
| Prepositions,
|
|
| Mo, for, from.
|
No, for, of, from.
|
| I, in.
|
Ki, to.
|
|
|
|
| Conjunctions
|
|
| Me, and.
|
Me, or.
|
| Ma, and, used only with numerals.
|
Me, like.
|
|
|
|
| Interjections
|
|
| A! interjection of surprise.
|
Hi! interjection of anger.
|
| Aue! woe! interjection of grief.
|
Aha! interjection of contempt.
|
| E! behold.
|
Na! behold.
|
