[Appendices]
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APPENDIX A.
THE REV. THOMAS KENDALL, HONGI, AND WAIKATO
Oil Painting by James Barry, 1820
The reproduction of this contemporary picture as the frontispiece of Marsden's Lieutenants is due to Mr. Horace Fildes of Wellington, who informed the Editor of its presence in New Zealand. Mr. Fildes has supplied the following information regarding it.
"When Captain T. E. Donne, C.M.G., Secretary of New Zealand Tourist Department, visited London in 1905 in connection with the New Zealand International Exhibition of 1906-7, he visited the headquarters of the Church Missionary Society, Salisbury Square. Here he saw the group oil painting of the Rev. Thos. Kendall, the chief Hongi Hika, and the chief Waikato, which had been painted during their stay in England in 1820 by James Barry, the artist who, two years before, had painted the single portraits of the young chiefs Tuhi and Titore. It is strange that the work of this artist is not mentioned in the Church Missionary Register. In the course of a conversation with the Secretary of the Society, Captain Donne learned that the group portrait had long been out of favour with the Missionary Society because of the Society's dismissal of Mr. Kendall in 1823. He was then attracted with the idea of obtaining possession of it for New Zealand, and the Society finally decided in November, 1906, to present to the New Zealand Government not only the group portrait, but also those of Tuhi and Titore, stipulating they should be exhibited in a Government public office.
"The three paintings were to be seen for several years on the walls of the public office of the New Zealand Tourist Department, but the location of the department changed many times. The large group painting disappeared from public view, and about ten years ago the portraits of Tuhi and Titore were deposited in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, and are to be seen there.
"Some two years ago, as it was being advised in official publications that the group portrait was still in London, the writer made inquiries which resulted in its being located in the office of the General Manager of the Department of Industries and Commerce, Tourist, and Publicity, Wellington."
Mr. H. D. Skinner adds the following notes, for parts of which he is indebted to Mr. Leslie G. Kelly and Dr. Peter Buck:-- Hongi and Waikato are both armed with the mere pounamu, in each case thrust into a belt. Hongi has, in addition, a hani or two-handed, sharp-edged club. [This is the Nga-Puhi name; by other Maori tribes it is called taiaha.] Its lower end is carved as a Janus head with protruded tongue, above which is a circlet of white dog's hair. The weapon is of more than usual length, and its shaft has been rendered too slenderly by the artist. The appropriate length is stated to have been the owner's height. Both warriors wear the hei-tiki, a practice which is shown by a number of early portraits to be appropriate. Each chief wears on his head three white feathers, presumably of the albatross, ornamented at the base by a tiny bunch of scarlet kaka feathers. Each wears a kilt of finely, dressed flax with taniko border, Waikato's being unusually intricate. Their cloaks are whakatipu (rain cloaks), that of Hongi being unusual in two respects-- no tie across the chest is shown, and the colouring of the mat is red. That dressed flax was sometimes reddened with kokowai is known, but there is no record of its use for a complete mat. Dr. Buck adds that he is sure that a whakatipu was never dyed red, even in part, much less the whole of the tags as well as the fibre foundation. Nor was red ochre used. The only other possibility is that the cloak was made with red kaka feathers. If this were so, the fair area of the inner surface which is showing would be white--if the artist stuck to the truth. Dr. Buck believes that the artist has used red for purely artist [reasons?]"
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APPENDIX B
EXPENSES OF THE BRIG ACTIVE.
"An account of expenses of the brig Active from February 25th to November 1st, 1814, together with all the different necessaries for forming the settlement at New Zealand:--
| FIRST VOYAGE |
£. s. d. |
| Salt provisions, etc., for the passage .... |
91 12 11 |
| Captain Brooks, for muskets, etc.... |
35 8 0 |
| Spirits for ship's company and passengers.... |
35 4 0 |
| Fresh meat at Sydney.... |
20 13 6 |
| Bread at Sydney .... |
723 |
| Biscuit, 9 cwt.... |
27 0 0 |
| Spun Yarn .... |
2 13 9 |
| Rope, 5 coils .... |
15 12 0 |
| Tar, i cask .... |
10 0 0 |
| Dama, 50 lbs.... |
2 10 0 |
| Log line .... |
0 10 0 |
| Rice, 1 bag .... |
1 1 0 |
| Flour, 2 cwt.... |
500 |
| Sugar, 24olbs.... |
580 |
| Sundry articles for use of the vessel.... |
19 8 7 1/2 |
| Canvas, 3 bolts .... |
21 0 0 |
| Boat .... |
16 0 0 |
| Master's wages, 7 months .... |
112 0 0 |
| Mate's wages, 6 months 5 days .... |
60 18 9 3/4 |
| 11 seamen's wages, 6 months 5 days .... |
229 14 9 |
| Expenses at the Derwent .... |
222 10 8 |
| Canvas, 40 bolts .... |
70 0 0 |
| Twine, 4olbs.... |
400 |
| Tea, 1 chest .... |
16 0 0 |
| Vessel's clearance of pilotage.... |
19 17 6 |
| |
£1,051 5 9 1/4 |
| SECOND VOYAGE |
£. s. d. |
| Master's wages to November 1st .... |
23 5 0 |
| Sundry payments to riggers, labourers, etc. .... |
62 15 0 1/2 |
| Bread at Sydney .... |
5 17 0 |
| Meat at Sydney .... |
33 2 6 |
| Canvas and twine .... |
20 6 0 |
| Wheat, 91 bushels.... |
41 0 0 |
| Rice, 1,920lbs.... |
12 0 0 |
| Biscuit.... |
50 0 0 |
| Salt pork, 13 cwt.... |
32 10 0 |
| Sheep, 8 .... |
12 0 0 |
| Spirits, 10 gallons .... |
10 0 0 |
| Teneriffe Wine, 40 gallons .... |
20 0 0 |
| Port and Sherry, 5 dozen .... |
17 10 0 |
| Salt for use of the settlement .... |
20 0 0 |
| Iron hoops, 4 cwt.... |
10 0 0 |
| Nails, 1 cask .... |
10 0 0 |
| Shovels, 12 .... |
1 10 0 |
| Fish-hooks.... |
1 16 0 |
| Plane irons, 8 dozen .... |
4 16 0 |
| Scissors, 6 dozen pairs .... |
2 13 0 |
| Carried forward.... |
£391 0 6 1/2 |
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| |
£. s. d. |
| Brought forward.... |
391 0 6 1/2 |
| Coals, 2 tons.... |
500 |
| Underwood for sundry articles .... |
40 2 0 |
| Cast steel, 1/4 cwt.... |
440 |
| Rope, etc.... |
28 15 10 |
| Coffee, 250 lbs.... |
8 6 8 |
| Sugar, 224 lbs.... |
6 10 8 |
| Prints, 67 1/2 pieces .... |
18 11 3 |
| King's stores for sundries .... |
25 6 9 |
| Paint and oil.... |
10 15 0 |
| Smith's oil .... |
160 |
| Hall, William, for sundries for cabin use .... |
2 19 5 |
| Cooperage .... |
4 14 0 |
| Sugar, 254lbs.... |
7 9 4 |
| Muskets, 4; swords, 2 .... |
60 0 |
| Rope and junk.... |
766 |
| Tea for cabin use .... |
316 |
| Lamp cotton and 2 ps. nankeen .... |
1 11 6 |
| A mill .... |
2 15 0 |
| Mr. Kendall for sundries .... |
60 15 3 |
| Mr. Hall for sundries .... |
62 19 2 |
| 1 horse and 2 mares .... |
80 0 0 |
| Corn and hay for horses and cattle.... |
10 0 0 |
| Water casks, 3 tons .... |
15 0 0 |
| Saddle and bridle .... |
500 |
| Boards, etc., for settlers' berths and stall for cattle .... |
500 |
| Mr. Palmer, 1 year's rent for Mrs. Kendall .... |
20 0 0 |
| Mr. Hall's claims for sundry expenses at ports .... |
28 0 0 |
| Blacksmith, 6 months' wages, November 1st to May 1st, 1815 .... |
25 0 0 |
| Sawyers, 3 months 25days at £8 16s. per month .... |
33 0 0 |
| Ship's clearance and pilotage.... |
14 19 0 |
Paid to New Zealanders on account of 170 baskets
of potatoes and 5 hogs taken at North Cape,
and 40 baskets of potatoes taken
at the Bay of Islands by the whalers.... |
10 0 0 |
| |
£965 9 4 1/2 |
"Articles sent on third voyage for use of the settlement:--
| |
£. s. d. |
| Wheat, 80 bushels .... |
42 8 0 |
| Bags for wheat, 40 .... |
1 13 4 |
| Soap, 7olbs.... |
1 16 8 |
| Nails, 500 cwt.... |
21 19 3 |
| Sugar, 217 lbs.... |
13 11 3 |
| Carpenters' tools .... |
22 0 9 |
| Iron, 1,1081bs.... |
27 14 0 |
| Steel, 50 lbs.... |
3 15 0 |
| Window glass, 100ft.... |
10 0 0 |
| |
£144 18 3 |
"The wages of the master and mate of the Active will appear high, but they are the same that are commonly paid out of this port. The number of men also were greater than will be necessary in future, as I wished in the first instance to guard against the vessel being taken should any circumstances have taken place at the Bay of Islands which had not reached this Colony.
(Signed)"SAMUEL MARSDEN."
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APPENDIX C.
A CONTEMPORARY FRENCH ACCOUNT OF HONGI
Parmi les chefs de la baie des Iles, Shongui (Hongi) s'etait eleve au premier rang par sa reputation de bravoure et ses succes dans les combats, par son influence sur ses compatriotes et par ses possessions considerables. La plupart des chefs du cao Nord et de la baie Shouraki (Hauraki), qui avaient ose lui tenir tete, avaient paye cher leur temeriti, et plusieurs tribus avaient ete completement exterminees par les guerriers de cet heureux rangatira. Seul, sur la cote occidentale, Moudi-Panga (Te Murupaenga), chef de Kai-Para, avait pu lui resister avec succes, et quelquefois il avait humilie l'orgueil de Shongui. Dans une affaire sanglante qui avait eu lieu peu de temps avant le desastre du Boyd, en 1808, Shongui fut blesse, deux de ses freres perirent ainsi que la plupart des officiers et des guerriers, et le reste de 1'armee ne put trouver son salut que dans la fuite.
Long-temps apres cette affaire, les chefs de la baie des Iles reunirent leurs forces et marcherent de nouveau contre Moudi-Panga, pleins de confiance en leurs armes a feu. Mais, par un stratageme habile, Moudi-Panga rendit presque nul l'effet de ces armes, et tomba sur ses ennemis qu'il tailla en pieces. De pres de mille hommes qui etaient partis pour cette expedition de la baie des Iles, il n'en echappa qu'une quinzaine, le reste ayant ete massacre ou fait prisonnier. Il parait que Shongui ne se trouva point a ce funeste combat.
Malgre ses defaites, Shongui ne renonca point a l'espoir de tirer une vengeance eclatante de Moudi-Panga, et il s'occupa sans relache a augmenter le nombre des armes a feu dont sa tribu etait deja pourvue. Ce motif l'engagea a se maintenir constamment en bonne intelligence avec les capitaines des navires baleiniers qui venaient mouiller a la baie des Iles. Ce fut encore le meme motif qui le determina a accueillir favorablement les missionnaires sur son territoire, pour reparer et tenir toujours en etat ses armes a feu, car il etait du reste parfaitement indifferent aux avantages de la civilisation, et il se moquait des exhortations religieuses de ses hotes.
Pour arriver plus promptement a ses fins, Shongui jugea qu'un voyage en Angleterre lui serait fort utile. En consequence, au mois de mars 1820, malgre les representations des es parents et de tous les hommes de son peuple, et avec un courage bien remarquable dans un sauvage, Shongui s'embarqua avec Wai-Kato, l'un de ses guerriers, et M. Kendall, sur le New-Zealander pour se rendre en Angleterre. Il voulait, disait-il, visiter le roi Georges, mais dans le fond son unique but etait de se procurer des fusils et de la poudre. Shongui arriva a Londres dans le mois d'aout suivant: le climat de l'Angleterre eprouva cruellement sa sante; cependant il se retablit, et le 15 decembre de la meme annee il se rembarqua sur le Speke pour s'en retourner chez lui. Durant son sejour a Londres, il fut presente au roi: M. Kendall m'a assure qu'en cette occasion Shongui ne parut nullement ebloui de tout le faste qui l'environnait; il conserva devant le puissant souverain de l'Angleterre la meme dignite, le meme sang-froid que devant ses compatriotes. Le roi Georges lui fit de riches presens, mais il ne fut vraiment sensible qu'aux armes, a la cuirasse et a l'uniforme qui en faisaient partie. On assure meme qu'a son arrivee a Port-Jackson il echangea contre des fusils et de la poudre tous les autres objets de prix qu'il avait recus du roi et des diverses personnes auxquelles il avait ete presente.
Pendant son absence, les missionnaires avaient eu quelquefois a souffrir de l'esprit turbulent et de l'avidite des sauvages; cependant leurs propriety avaient ete generalement respectees. Plusieurs naturels avaient consenti a
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leur preter leurs services moyennant une mince retribution; leurs cultures avaient pris un developpement considerable, et toutes les productions d'Europe avaient reussi a merveille sur ce sol vierge et fecond. En un mot, les etablissemens de la mission donnaient les plus flatteuses esperances.
Au retour de Shongui a la baie des Iles, qui eut lieu le 11 juillet 1821, tout changea rapidement de face. Ce chef, irrite de voir que les missionnaires persistaient dans leur refus de lui vendre de la poudre et des armes a feu, defendit a ses sujets de travailler pour les colons a moins d'etre payes en objets de cette espece ou en argent pour en acheter; en outre il affecta de traiter ces estrangers avec plus de rigueur et meme de dedain qu'il ne l'avait fait auparavant. Il en resulta pour les colons une foule de desagremens et de persecutions. Cependant Shongui sentit qu'il y aurait de l'imprudence et peu de politique de sa part a les forcer de quitter son territoire, et il finit par tenir une sorte de conduite mixte a l'egard des missionnaires, c'est-a-dire par les tolerer et meme les proteger jusqu'a un certain point contre les violences de ses sujets, sans toutefois leur accorder aucune sorte d'influence ni d'autorite positive. Il aimait leur the, leur cafe, leur cuisine, et leur faisait souvent l'honneur d'etre leur convive.
Du reste il reprit avec ardeur ses anciens projets de conquete. Au mois de septembre, 1821, il partit de la bah des Iles a la tete d'une armee de trois mille combattans dont une centaine etaient munis de fusils. Jamais armement aussi formidable n'avait paru sur ces rives eloignees. Les malheureux habitans de la baie Shouraki contre lesquels il se dirigea furent saccages et perdirent beaucoup de monde. Plus de mille guerriers furent tues et trois cents manges sur le champ de bataille; de ce nombre fut le brave et genereux Inaki, l'un de leurs principaux chefs. Plus de deux mille prisonniers tomberent au pouvoir des peuples du Nord. Shongui, tout en remportant la victoire, eprouva de nombreuses pertes; entre autres il eut a regretter son gendre Tete et le jeune Pou, frere de ce chef.
Des le mois de fevrier suivant, Shongui se remit en campagne et recommenca les hostilities contre les peuplades de la baie Shouraki. Deux de ses pirogues tomberent au pouvoir de l'ennemi, qui tua et mangea tous ceux qui les montaient. Mais Shongui et ses guerriers exterminerent pres de quinze cents personnes sur les bords du Wai-Kato.--Dumont d'Urville, Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Vol. II, p. 316.
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APPENDIX D
THE PRATT LETTERS
The letters written by the Rev. Josiah Pratt to Samuel Marsden during the years 1813-22, which have recently been acquired by the Hocken Library, give an illuminating account of the Mission in New Zealand as it appeared to the Committee from the reports of Marsden and the missionary settlers. The first letters in the series show the concern caused in England by the conduct of Hall and King during their stay in New South Wales. On March 18th, 1814, Mr. Pratt wrote as follows:--
"You have long since received, I hope, my letters of March 22nd, 1813, * sent by Mr. Kendall; and we cannot but trust that the clear expression of the mind of the Committee concerning Hall and King therein contained will have induced them to fulfil to the utmost of their power those engagements into which they entered. I write to them by this conveyance. The Rev. D. Wilson, who recommended John King to us, also writes to him. The Rev. Mr. Tracy, Secretary to the (London) Missionary Society, told me the other day that one of their missionaries had intimated that John King was in a melancholy way. It seems to me that Hall and King, having learnt to maintain themselves during their long stay in New South Wales, and having perhaps begun to taste the sweets of independence, have fallen under temptation. I have but litde fear of Kendall in this respect; but we must pray that he who falls may be recovered, and that he that thinketh he standeth may take heed lest he fall."
"The conduct of Mr. Hall," he added, in a letter dated August 28th, 1814, "bespeaks both a want of zeal for the honour of his Master among the heathen and a want of faith in Him that He will provide for him while engaged in His work. Most certainly he is bound to refund everything expended on him, if he decline the work for which he was prepared and sent out; ** but, what is of infinitely more consequence to him, he will be one day called on to account by our common Master for his taking his hand from the plough. Let him go forth, trusting in God, and God will not forsake him, nor shall we His servants cease to care for and support him."
Throughout his correspondence, Mr. Pratt emphasizes the desire of the Committee that the control of the New Zealand Mission should as far as possible be left entirely to Marsden and the Auxiliary Society which he had been instructed to form. ***
"Letters from Mr. Kendall and Mr. Hall, of June 15th from New Zealand," he wrote on December 16th, 1814, "encourage us to hope that your next accounts respecting their voyage will be favourable. Mr. Kendall has drawn upon me for his salary up to Christmas next, which I have accepted, but we wish all salaries and pecuniary concerns to be adjusted and settled with the Society which we have proposed. Mr. Hall tells us that his only differences with you were on account of money, and wishes to have those affairs transacted directly with us: ***8 that cannot be: you will readily see that the acts and resolutions of a Society, conducted as I am sure yours will be, will be of full authority with them, and will give us ease and confidence in the management and permanence of our concerns in your district quarter."
Writing on September 5th, 1816, immediately after receiving the news of Hall's misadventures at Waitangi and the growing dissensions in the settlement, ***** the Secretary again stressed the necessity for the Mission's being directed from New South Wales. "With respect to the regulation of the settlement and
* Vide supra, p. 29.
** Vide supra, p. 39.
*** "The Committee beg that you will take immediate measures for the formation of an Auxiliary Society, which shall be our representative in your seas."--Rev. Josiah Pratt to Rev. S. Marsden, 18th March, 1814; also vide supra, pp. 103, 117.
**** Vide supra, p. 41.
***** Vide supra, pp. 112, 120-9.
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settlers in New Zealand," he wrote, "the Committee entirely leave them in the hands of yourself and our other friends. It might be well for your Committee immediately to apprise the settlers, in an official communication, that this is wholly entrusted to you, as well as all other matters respecting the Society's exertions in your seas. You see that it is out of the question for us to be referred to on matters of which we must be very incompetent judges; and we are well assured that, with far better means of coming to a determination on matters as they arise than we can possess, you and your co-adjutors have equally with us at heart the glory and honour of our Lord, and the salvation of the heathen among whom you live."
The catastrophe at Waitangi seemed to Mr. Pratt to call for censure as much as for sympathy. "We were much grieved," he wrote to William Hall, on September 12th, 1816, "to receive from you an account of such a calamity as that which had befallen you when your last was written, of the 16th of January. We were thankful to hear that Mrs. Hall was recovering, and trust that she is long since quite well. Mr. Nicholas, * who has just been with me, tells me that poor Duaterra (Ruatara) said mischief would follow if you exposed yourselves to his countrymen in those quarters.
"I know not how you will be situated when this reaches you, but I pray that God may give you all grace to live together in mutual forbearance and love. A great field is before you. You have been placed in that scene of labour at a very serious charge. You have opportunities of glorifying your heavenly Master afforded to few. Your Committee desire to do everything in their power to render you comfortable and to assist you in your labours. They entrust the management of the whole undertaking to Mr. Marsden and the other friends in New South Wales, who are associated with him as a corresponding committee. Make known all your wishes and wants to us through them; both they and we will assist you to our utmost. You must implicitly follow the directions of Mr. Marsden and our other friends as to avoiding private trade, and in all other points on which they give you instructions."
"We regret to hear of Mr. Hall's obstinate conduct," he added, writing to Marsden on June 17th, 1817. "If he only suffered, we should not have so much reason to be sorry for the trouble he has had at Whytongue (Waitangi). We find he has been at last obliged, from the ill treatment of some natives, to return to the original settlement, and we hope that this may reach him more submission to your directions hereafter. Respecting the making up to him of the goods to the amount of £40 which he lost, it does not appear to us that it is a case which has any just claim for a remuneration of this kind; but we leave it entirely in your hands; and, if he has gone on well since, you will probably feel it proper to return to him part, at least, of the goods which he has lost."
Perhaps the most interesting letter in the collection is that written to Mr. Marsden on December 20th, 1820, just before Kendall, Hongi, and Waikato left England. In this report of their visit Mr. Pratt gives a frank account of the annoyance it caused the Committee, and adds a very significant estimate of Kendall's character as it appeared to him at this time.
"The New Zealanders," he wrote, "are yet too uncivilized to profit by a visit to this country. They are not capable of appreciating such a state of society as that to which they are here introduced, and are consequently insensible of those acts of kindness which put the Society to very serious expense. The result, we fear, in the present case, has been that the impressions made on the minds of Shunghee (Hongi) and Whykato (Waikato) have been rather prejudicial than advantageous to them. We cannot always prevent their introduction into society not exactly according to our wishes; neither can we always answer for the prudence and discretion of those with whom they associate. The consequence has been that their natural cupidity has been excited, to the injury of their own minds, and unfavourable impressions have been left on the minds of those under whose observation they have fallen. They have
* Vide supra, p. 171.
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thus been rendered intractable, and we have not been able to pursue that course toward them which we wished, and which might have led to a result more favourable to themselves. *
"Another very undesirable consequence has also followed. The presents which were prepared for the chiefs on their return, instead of being received with gratitude and impressing them favourably toward the Society, were rejected with strong marks of disapprobation, as too scanty and insufficient. We have endeavoured, and I hope successfully, to satisfy them by a large addition to the articles selected for them in the first instance; but, should you discern any unpleasant feeling still lurking in their minds on this head, we beg that you will endeavour to remove it, previously to their return to New Zealand, by such representations as your knowledge of their character and of all the circumstances of the case will suggest.
"We have entered fully into this subject, in order that you may understand the difficulties in which we are involved from these visits, and that you may kindly interpose your influence and authority with the missionaries and natives, to prevent the recurrence of an event which, while it subjects the Society to a heavy expense, really embarrasses and distresses us, without affording to the New Zealanders a correspondent benefit.
"We would just suggest that, if the presents which Shunghee and Whykato take back with them shall be found to excite jealousy in the minds of the other chiefs on the Island, it will be advisable to remove it, if practicable, by such presents from the stores sent out as may be requisite for that purpose.
"Through the kindness of the Bishop of Norwich, Mr. Kendall returns to you in Holy Orders. ** We pray that he may duly feel the obligation under which he is hereby laid, to increased diligence and zeal in his work. From the intercourse which we have had with Mr. Kendall during his stay here, we are constrained to distrust the soundness of his judgment, though we have the fullest reliance on his integrity and devotedness to the cause in which he is engaged. This impression, and a reference to the dissensions which have so culpably prevailed among the missionaries and settlers in New Zealand, have led the Committee anxiously to consider how harmony can best be established and preserved between Mr. Kendall and Mr. Butler, at their respective stations. Parochial division seems to supply a principle not inapplicable to their circumstances, and calculated to remove many causes of disagreement. Mr. Butler should be considered as the minister of Kiddeekiddee (Kerikeri), and Mr. Kendall of Rangheehoo (Rangihoua); and they should abstain from all such interference in each other's settlement as would be inconsistent with the established relations between the ministers of different parishes in England.
"In expending the supplies the Committee earnestly request that such arrangements may be made as will secure a regular and constant supply of stores for the school at Rangheehoo, and for that which, we hope, has ere now been formed at Kiddeekiddee. Looking, as they do, at schools as a great instrument of introducing Christianity among the inhabitants of New Zealand, they are peculiarly solicitous that every means should be used to extend them, and to prevent a failure, at any time, of those supplies without which the children cannot be kept together. In reference to this subject, it gives me much pleasure to add that Mr. Kendall has been enabled, under the superintendence of Professor Lee, to prepare and print a Grammar of the New Zealand Language, which promises to be highly useful. You will discern the hand of a master in the use which the Rev. Professor Lee has made of the crude materials which Mr. Kendall has collected.
"The Committee beg to submit to your consideration whether it be not inexpedient to employ, in New Zealand, any Europeans who are not pious men, and actually attached to the Mission. There being no coercive authority
* Vide supra, p. 171.
** "On full consideration, the Committee think it would be ineligible to propose Mr. Kendall for ordination."--Rev. Josiah Pratt to Rev. S. Marsden, September 12th, 1820. The Bishop of Norwich consented to receive Kendall as a candidate without requiring previous acquaintance with Greek or Latin.
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on the Island, subordination can only be maintained by the force of religious principle. The state in which you found the Mission, last year, shows that even this is not always sufficient for the purpose; but the fact seems to point out the necessity of not admitting into such a community any persons but such as we have reason to believe to be really under the influence of vital religious principles. We apprehend, moreover, that our New Zealand Mission has excited so strong an interest in this country that we shall have no difficulty in obtaining as many truly Christian men, for missionaries and settlers, as the funds of the Society will provide for.
"The Committee have learned, with very serious regret, that the settlers have continued to employ muskets and gunpowder as articles of barter; and that attempts are made to justify these proceedings on the ground of necessity, as affording the only effective means of obtaining provisions and labour from the natives. The statements contained in your journal, of the eagerness of the New Zealanders to obtain iron, lead us to suppose that no such necessity exists, and that a judicious use of the articles sent out will command, in return, all that the settlers require. The principle involved in the transactions in question is, in the judgment of the Committee, incompatible with the objects of a Missionary Society, and they request that you will use your best endeavours to give effect to their regulations and to prevent the use of muskets, powder, balls, or any other implement of war, in barter with the natives. And I beg to add, lest the practice should be resorted to, that the use of ardent spirits for the purpose is equally repugnant to the views of the Committee, on account of the immoral and baneful effects which must be expected to follow their introduction.
"Should it, however, be really found that provisions cannot yet be obtained in sufficient quantities by the settlers, either by cultivation or by legitimate traffic with the natives, the Committee recommend that salt provisions be supplied from Port Jackson, until agriculture shall be sufficiently advanced to render this no longer necessary, for they cannot, on any consideration, sanction the use of the above mentioned articles in barter.
"The Wesleyan Missionary Society have come to the determination of forming a Mission in New Zealand. They think of fixing it at or near the River Thames. I beg to mention confidentially that the above decision was taken without any previous communication with us, and, I believe, in consequence of representations made to the Society by the Rev. Samuel Leigh on his return. We wish to show them every degree of kindness, in carrying their design into effect; but you will probably concur with us in opinion, that harmony between the two Societies and their respective Missions will best be maintained by keeping the stations of the two Societies so far apart as not to interfere with each other's operations, yet not so distant as to preclude them from being assistant to each other in time of need. I am induced to throw out this hint, as it is most likely that you will be consulted respecting the points to be occupied by the Wesleyans, and may be able to influence their decisions.
"The Committee have given permission to our friends in New Zealand to draw on me for their salaries, provided you see no material objection to the measure. We have felt some hesitation in coming to this decision, as a practice of a somewhat similar nature subjected us to much inconvenience in our West African Mission some time ago; but the very high price of many European articles in New South Wales, and the greater facility and expedition with which those who are attached to the New Zealand Mission may, frequently, obtain those supplies on which they wish to expend their salaries by their being shipped direct to New Zealand on board a South Sea whaler, place that Mission under different circumstances from any of our others, and have induced the Committee to acquiesce in this arrangement. Mr. Kendall, also, deems this arrangement so considerable an accommodation to him, that our refusal to adopt it would probably have occasioned him to return under the influence of feelings which might render our future intercourse with him painful. The Committee, therefore, are of opinion that, on the whole, it will be advisable that you should accede to his wishes.
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"In reference to Mr. Kendall, it is necessary that I should add, confidentially, that his mind appears to have acquired a sort of wildness and absence of self-restraint, probably arising from his long residence among a barbarous people, which renders it difficult to control him, and to induce him to come cordially into measures which in any material degree oppose his own feelings and opinions. * I state this in order that you may fully comprehend the motives which have influenced our decisions. At the same time, as I have already stated, we confidently rely on his integrity and devotedness to the cause of our Saviour."
The Committee began, in 1820, to be deeply concerned about the difficulty of checking the trade in muskets and powder, and determined to use every means in their power to suppress it. On March 13th, 1821, Mr. Pratt wrote to Marsden as follows:--
"The Committee learn with much pain that some of the settlers have been again engaged in this traffic, after their positive engagement to discontinue it. We are willing, however, to hope that they have at length been convinced of its unwarrantable nature, and that they will henceforth faithfully and conscientiously abstain from it. Without this they cannot fulfil the intention of the Committee in sending them to New Zealand, nor can they be allowed to continue in the service of the Society.
"You will learn from my last letter that the Committee consented, at Mr. Kendall's instance, to allow him and the other settlers, should you see no objection to the measure, to draw on me for their salary, in favour of some person in this country. In order, however, that this indulgence of the Committee may not be abused, they request that you will apprise Mr. Kendall and all the settlers that not only will the permission given to draw direct on us be withdrawn, if there is any repetition of the prohibited traffic, but that their bills will be refused acceptance, and their salaries will not be paid at all. The Committee feel it requisite to be quite distinct and decisive on this point, as they esteem it a positive duty entirely to wipe their hands of this pernicious and injurious traffic."
The final document in the collection is a copy of the Resolutions of the Committee, passed at meetings during June, July, and August, 1822. From these it is clear that, even before charges of immorality were brought against Kendall, his dismissal had been decided upon, in consequence of the views expressed in his letter to Marsden of September 27th, 1821. **
"4. That the Committee learn with displeasure that muskets and powder have been bartered with the natives of New Zealand, notwithstanding the injunctions of the Committee to the contrary; and the Committee peremptorily renew the prohibition of this traffic to any person connected with the Society, on any pretence whatever.
"7. That the Committee remark with regret that the letter of the Rev. Thomas Kendall to the Rev. Samuel Marsden, dated September 27th, 1821, was forwarded to the Society by a resolution of the Meeting of Missionaries and Settlers; but as the Committee observe that it is with reference to the representation of their difficulties that the letter was approved, they are willing to hope that it was in that respect only that it received any sanction from the meeting.
"8. That the Committee have heard the said letter of Mr. Kendall with great pain, as it manifests such a spirit and course of action on the part of Mr. Kendall as to leave little or no hope of his promoting the objects of the Society while remaining in New Zealand.
"9. That it appears to the Committee, under a full view of the case, that the removal of Mr. Kendall from the New Zealand Mission is become necessary; but they request Mr. Marsden to confer with His Excellency Sir Thomas Brisbane, both on the expediency and the manner of carrying this measure into effect."
* Vide supra, pp. 154, 168.
** Quoted supra, pp. 172-180.
