1867 - von Hochstetter, Ferdinand. New Zealand - CHAPTER VI:The Flora

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CHAPTER VI

The Flora.

The peculiar flora of New Zealand is far better known than its geological structure and mineral riches, and far more completely than its fauna. For the earliest account of the plants of New Zealand we are indebted to two of the most illustrious botanists of their age, and to the voyages of the greatest of modern navigators; for the first and to this day the finest and best illustrated herbarium that has ever been made in the islands by individual exertions is that of Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, during Captain Cook's voyage in 1769. Upwards of 360 species of plants were collected during the five months that were devoted to the exploration of the East Coast, at various points between the Bay of Islands and Otago, including the shores of Cook's Straits. Captain Cook was, on his second voyage, accompanied by three scientific men, all more or less conversant with botany, namely the two Forsters (father and son) and Dr. Sparrmann. Queen

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Charlotte's Sound in Cook's Straits and Dusky Bay on the Southwest side of South Island were the chief points botanized. Mr. Anderson, surgeon to Cook's third expedition, undertook the botanical department on that voyage; but though Dusky Bay was visited a second time, nothing of importance was added to its botany. It remained for Mr. Menzies, the surgeon and naturalist of Captain Vancouver's voyage, to discover the Cryptogamic riches of New Zealand, That naturalist devoted himself to the collection of Mosses and Hepaticae, and this at a time when these objects were scarcely thought worthy of attention. In 1824 and 1827 followed the french expeditions under Captain Duperry (Corvette "Coquille") and Admiral D'Urville (Corvette "Astrolabe"); the combined collections of the two voyages, amounting to 200 species of flowering plants and ferns, were published by Professor A. Richard as numbering about 200 species.

On the establishment of colonial gardens and botanists at Sydney, New Zealand became an object of especial interest to the latter; the Bay of Islands was visited by Mr. Charles Frazer in 1825, and by the two brothers Allan and Richard Cunningham in 1826, 1833 and 1838, while at the same time in New Zealand resident missionaries and colonists, such as Dr. Logan, the Rev. Mr. William Colenso and others were making collections. Mr. Bidwill (in 1839) was the first to ascend the Tongariro Volcano, 6500 feet high, and Dr. Dieffenbach was in 1839 the first European that ascended Mt. Egmont, 8270 feet high. These gentlemen furnished the first contributions to the most interesting sub-alpine and alpine flora of New Zealand. Then followed the Frenchman M. Raoul, who accompanied the French Frigate "L'Aube" in 1840 and 1841, and again the Frigate "L'Allies" in 1842 and 1843, during which voyages he made a very complete botanical exploration of Banks' Peninsula and the Bay of Islands.

With the Antarctic Expedition (1839-1843) under Captain James Ross, Dr. J. D. Hooker came to New Zealand. It is to this eminent botanist that the palm is due; for to him science is indebted for the classical work on the Flora of New Zealand, in

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which all the botanical material known up to the year 1853 has been collected and worked up, and the botany of New Zealand -- we may almost say -- brought to a close. 1

The total number of species brought together in Dr. Hooker's Flora amounts to nearly 1900; among them the Phanerogamic Plants are to the Cryptogamic as 1 to 1.6, or about two to three. These 1000 species are divided among the principal families as follows:

Phanerogamic Plants.
Species.
Compositae..... 90
Cyperaceae..... 66
Gramineae..... 53
Scrophularineae.... 40
Orchideae...... 39
Rubiaceae...... 26
Epacrideae..... 23
Umbelliferae..... 23
Coniferae...... 12
The remaining families. 358
Number of species 730.

Cryptogamic Plants.
Species.
Ferns including the Lycopodiaceae and numerous varieties, formerly treated as species. 117
Hepaticae..... 118
Musci......250
Fungi, Lichenes .....388
Algae.......300
Number of species 1173.

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We must not, however, consider the above list as a limit to the Flora of New Zealand. There still remained upon the three islands large districts to be explored. It is only on the North Island that the botanical collectors have penetrated farther into the interior, while upon the South Island the lofty heights of the New Zealand Alps, extending through the whole length of the island, had formerly been left wholly unexplored. It was not until within the last years that from Nelson, Christchurch and Dunedin scientific expeditions were undertaken into those alpine regions; and to the untiring zeal of my botanical friends in Nelson, Dr. Monro, W. F. L. Travers, and Captain Bough, and last but not least, to my friend Dr. J. Haast, science is indebted for numerous and highly interesting contributions to the knowledge of the Alpine Flora of New Zealand. 2 It is therefore to be expected that the Flora of New Zealand will be increased by a considerable number of species. Already Dr. Hooker was inclined to regard 4000 as the probable number of New Zealand plants, of which 1000 may be flowering plants. 3

During my travels upon North Island in the Province of Auckland, and upon South Island in the Province of Nelson, I also devoted myself to botanical collections as far as the main object I had in view admitted. I limited myself, however, almost exclusively to Cryptogamic plants and grasses. By the assistance of my travelling companions Dr. Haast and Captain Hay, and by considerable contributions of resident collectors, my collection increased to about 3000 specimens. 4

What surprised me most was that it was among the ferns,

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which are most eagerly gathered by numerous lovers of plants, and especially from the frequently scoured North Island, that I found some new species, -- new, if not to science, at least upon New Zealand. They belong to genuine tropical forms, growing in New Zealand only on the margin of hot springs, upon a warm soil and in a constantly hot-moist atmosphere. Dr. Hooker 5 mentions the Lycopodium cernuum so frequently found everywhere about the hot springs in the interior of North Island, a species of general occurrence throughout all warm climates. Without the tropics, however, it is found only in the vicinity of hot springs heating the soil, for example on the Azores, upon St. Paul's Island in the South-Indian Ocean; a remarkable instance to prove how far the little spores of this lycopodium have been spread. To this I have the pleasure to add the Nephrolepis tuberosa, Nephrodium unitum and Nephrodium molle, tropical species, which are more or less general all over the torrid zone. These tropical species are found in the very heart of North Island near the hot waters of the Rotomahana and near the boiling springs of Waikite at the foot of the Pairoa Range between Lake Taupo and the Rotomahana. There they thrive with luxuriant growth in a soil equally warmed by the hot water, and in a constant, unchanging, hot and moist atmosphere. Their spores were most probably transported from the tropical countries of Australia or America to New Zealand. Other species, not tropical, such as Pteris scaberula, Polypodium rugulosum, Gleichenia decarpa, are transformed in those places into very peculiar varieties.

For the following remarks on the peculiarities of the New Zealand flora let us refer to the ingenious explanations of Dr. Hooker in his Introductory Essay to the Flora of New Zealand.

From the proportion of the number of cryptogames to that of phanerogames we first perceive that New Zealand is not only relatively but also absolutely abounding in cryptogames. 6 It would

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be incorrect, however, to infer from this circumstance that the land remained behind in the history of the development of the earth, or to say that New Zealand is representing up to the present time the age of ferns, or, what is about the same, the age of the carboniferous period. This abundance of cryptogames is rather the mere consequence of the moist climate. Where there is a sufficient supply of moisture, the principal vital requisite for the lower orders of the vegetable kingdom, they grow to this very day as exuberantly as in former times.

The 117 species of ferns described by Dr. Hooker represent 37 genera. Only 42 species are peculiar to New Zealand; 30 it has in common with South America, 6l with Australia and Tasmania; 30 species have a cosmopolitan distribution, and 10 species are found also in Europe. Of the phanerogamic plants more than two-thirds are endemic, or absolutely peculiar to New Zealand, namely 26 genera and 507 species, principally of the families of Orchideae, Coniferae. Scrophularineae, Epacrideae, Compositae, Araliaceae, Umbelliferae, Myrtaceae, and Ranunculaceae. The remaining third of the phanerogamic flora of New Zealand are species which are found also in other countries, illustrating the relations of the plants to those of other countries. New Zealand, therefore, appears now-a-days together with the neighbouring smaller groups of islands, the Chatham, Lord Auckland, and Campbell Islands, -- the flora of which corresponds to that of New Zealand, -- as a most peculiar botanical province in the temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere, the independent and peculiar character of which originates from the isolation of the group of islands from all the larger continents. 7 This botanical province has been named "Forster's realm". The non-endemic species belong to New Zealand in common partly with the extratropical portions of Australia and with Tasmania, partly with South America, partly with the antarctic flora upon Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, Tristan d'Acunha, Kerguelen Land, St. Paul and Amsterdam etc; and few cosmopolitan species also with Europe.

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The Australian affinity is illustrated by the large number of 193 absolutely identical species, and by the fact that upwards of 240 of the 282 New Zealand genera are Australian, and of these more than fifty are all but confined to these two countries. New Zealand, however, does not appear wholly as a satellite of Australia in all the genera common to both, for of several there are but few species in Australia, which hence shares the peculiarities of New Zealand, rather than New Zealand those of Australia: this is the case with Pittosporum, Coprosma, Olearia, Celmisia, Forstera, Gaultheria, Dracophyllum, Veronica, Fagus, Dacrydium and Uncinia, of which there are comparatively few species in Australia and America; on the other hand, Stackhousieae, Pomaderris, Leptospernum, Exocarpus, Personia, Epacris, Leucopogon, Goodenia, and a few other large Australian genera are very scantily represented in New Zealand. If the number of plants common to Australia and New Zealand is great, and quite unaccounted for by transport, the absence of certain very extensive groups of the former country is still more incompatible with the theory of extensive migration by oceanic or serial currents. This absence is most conspicuous in the case of Eucalypti and almost every other genus of Myrtaceae, of the whole immense genus of Acacia and of its numerous Australian congeners, with the single exception of Clianthus, of which there are but two known species, one in Australia and the other in New Zealand and Norfolk Island. Considering that Eucalypti form the most prevalent forest feature over the greater part of South and East Australia, rivalled by Leguminosae alone, and that the species are not particularly local or scarce, and grow well wherever sown, the fact of their absence in New Zealand cannot be too strongly pressed on the attention of the botanical geographer, for it is the main cause of the difference between the floras of these two great masses of land being much greater than that between any two equally large contiguous ones on the face of the globe. If no theory of transport will account for these facts, still less will any of a gradual variation of originally identical species.

With South America, New Zealand has 89 species and 76 genera

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in common. But 77 of those species and 59 of those genera appear also in Australia; they are consequently common to all three countries and full 50 of those species are found also in Europe, leaving but very few species such as Edwardsia grandiflora, Veronica elliptica, two species of Coriaria, Myosurus aristatus, Haloragis alata, Hydrocotyle Americana absolutely peculiar to the two countries. The peculiar development of the common genera Edwardsia, Fuchsia and Calceolaria makes it also here doubtful whether America or New Zealand was their primitive home.

The 60 species which New Zealand has in common with Europe consist chiefly of strand plants, salt-water and fresh-water plants, Grasses, Cyperaceae and some Compositae. Most of them are cosmopolitan, occurring also in Australia, South America, and upon the Antartic Islands, the general diffusion of which appears to have taken place in a way which no longer exists.

The 50 antarctic species inhabit the mountains and the southern extreme of New Zealand. They likewise are partly of a general distribution common also to Europe, partly they are found in Tasmania, and chiefly on its mountains, but not else where. Only, when the flora of the mountains of South Chili, New Zealand, southern Tasmania, the Australian Alps, and the Antarctic Islands shall have been properly explored, will the great problem of the affinity and distribution of the flora in the South Temperate and Antarctic zone be solved. Then will it be clearly proven, that between the floras of the extensive main lands in the Southern Hemisphere simular relations exist as between those of the North Temperate and the Arctic zones, affinities and peculiarities which cannot be accounted for by assuming an oceanic or atmospheric transportation, or by the variability of the species, 8 but which speak in favour of the existence of a once very widely-spread mother flora, broken and cut up by geological and climatic changes into separate botanical regions and provinces.

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Moreover, the extraordinary variety in New Zealand of Natural Orders in proportion to the genera, and of genera in proportion to the species 9 speaks in favour of its having formerly been contiguous to larger bodies of land; while, on the other hand, the peculiarity of the species is an evident proof that this contiguity must have ceased to exist for a very long time past. It would become the duty of geology to prove that former contiguity, and by it the original soil of the mother flora. But here the difficulties are crowding together, and it is only to daring hypotheses that we can take refuge. The hypothesis of only one continent, sunk in the vast gulf, would not suffice; it would be necessary to premise three or four such continents. First an extensive main land with a rough continental climate. At that time, the antarctic genera which now-a-days are found upon the higher ranges, covered the whole extent of the land. When the sea with its milder breezes took the place of the land, the frightened children of the South Pole fled into the cooler mountain regions, and a new flora took possession of the lower landscape. Simultaneously or in alternating succession with essential climatic changes, New Zealand was then united with Chili, with the tropical islands of the South Sea, and with Australia by means of a continental bridge over which the plants could conveniently immigrate, receiving representatives from

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all those countries, until the connection ceased, and New Zealand stood isolated as it is found to-day. The plants now-a-days found upon New Zealand must consequently have lived through periods of extensive geological and climatic changes.

Many of the above-mentioned peculiarities of the New Zealand flora are of importance also for the physiognomy of the vegetation. The traveller, from whatever country, on arriving in New Zealand, finds himself surrounded by a vegetation, that is almost wholly new to him, and two peculiarities will appear striking before all others, that is an abundance of bushes and ferns, and a want of meadows and flowers, which is to be accounted for by the scarcity of grasses and annual plants.

What from afar appears by the side of the immense tracts of forest covering hill and dale to be open land, or meadows, is on a closer observation found to consist of bushes of the size of a man; and where grasses, weeds and chequered flowerage were expected, only uniform ferns and bushes with some scanty white blossoms are to be seen. Pteris esculenta (Rarahue of the natives), the roots of which formerly yielded the chief aliment to the natives, covers nearly all the open land, upon the heights and in the low lands, wherever it is not replaced by swamp. Upon fertile soil it grows to the size of a man, and it is with great difficulty that the traveller works his way through the thicket where there is no beaten path, and even upon paths he finds himself from time to time most disagreeably hindered by the woody stems entangling his feet. Only Manuka and Rawiri bushes (species of Leptospernum), or Kumaharau (Pomaderris) and Kororiko (Veronica) are intermixed with Pteris. Here and there, in moist places, arises isolated the "grass tree" or "cabbage tree" (Ti of the natives; Cordyline australis), and, quite modest, like a recluse hidden among the bushes, blooms the tender blue Rimuroa (Whalenbergia gracilis), the only bell-flower of New Zealand, and the Tupapa (Lagenophora Forsteri), taking the place of our little daisies. The verdure of those ever-verdant bush-heaths is not a rich sap-green, but a dim brown-green; and when, after a longer journey in the interior of the country, the traveller at

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length arrives once more in the vicinity of European settlements, of fields and meadows, their rich verdure appears to him almost like a flash of glaring colours.

Upon the pumice-stone plateaus in the interior of North Island, and in the Alpine valleys of South Island, the bush vegetation is partly supplanted by a meagre grass vegetation which, however, is still sufficient to make those parts a natural pasture ground for sheep, horses and cattle, and which is easily and rapidly improved by the introduction of European grasses. Peculiar to these grass plains are certain species of Acyphilla and Discaria, rendering many tracts where they grow in larger quantities, wholly inaccessible. On account of their slender blades terminating in sharp spines the colonists have named them "spear grass", "wild Irishman", and "wild Spaniard".

On entering the "Bush" -- as in New Zealand the forest is called -- it is again ferns that principally meet the eye, magnificent Tree ferns, 10 their trunks as if coated with scales, and with neatly shaped crowns (Dicksonia and Cyathea); Hymenophylla and Polypodia in the most different varieties, which cover with luxuriant growth the trunks of the forest trees; the singular form of the Kidney-fern (Trichomanes reniforme), the round, kidney-shaped leaves on the edges of which are bordered with seed pods; ferns between the branches and twigs of the trees; ferns on the ground; bulbiferous Asplenia (Asplenium bulbiferum), tender species of Goniopteris and Leptoteris, - in short all sorts and varieties of ferns.

But in the woods also there are scarcely any gay flowers and blossoms; but few herbaceous plants, nothing but shrubs and trees; shrubs with obscure green flowers, and very often of obscure and little known Natural Orders. 11 Of the numerous Pines, very few

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recall by habit and appearance the idea attached either to trees of this family in the northern hemisphere, or to the Araucariae of New Holland and Norfolk Island; while of the families that indicate the only close affinity between the New Zealand Flora and that of any other country (the Myrtaceae, Epacrideae and Proteaceae), few resemble in general features their allies in Australia. From the above-mentioned peculiar proportion of the species to the genera and orders, on the other hand, it is evident why the New Zealand forest lacks every clearly and decidedly a prominent physiognomy. Only few trees grow gregarious, and are prominent in the landscape by their appearing either in closed forests or as separate clumps and groves. These are the Kauri (Dammara australis), the Kahikatea (Podocarpus dacrydioides), and the Tawai (black birch, Fagus fusca). With the exception of the Kauri forests in the North, the Kahikatea forests on marshy and swampy river banks, and the black birch forest upon South Island, we find nothing that would suffer a comparison with the individual character of our pine, beech, and oak forests. The New Zealand trees mostly grow so intermixed, that more than a dozen varieties may be found on the same acre. The forests, therefore, have not any particular physiognomical character; and it is only by botanically analyzing the indefinite brown-green mass of the forest vegetation, that the beautiful and manifold objects constituting it are distinctly observed.

Among the chief ornaments of the mixed forest are the various species of pines. Totara (Podocarpus totara) and Matai (Podocarpus spicata) are large and beautiful trees found in every forest. Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) is distinguished by hanging leaves and branches; Tanekaha (Phyllocladus trichomanoides) by its parsley-shaped leaves. Alongside of them towers the poplar-shaped Rewarewa (Knightia excelsa), belonging to the Proteaceae; the Hinau (Elaeocarpus hinau), the fruit of which is the favourite food of the parrots, and the bark of which is used by the natives for dyeing

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Forest in the Papakura District
C.Fischer, del. A.Meermann, sc.
Tuakura Fern Tree (Dicksonia squarrosa), Totara & Matai (Podocarpus), Nikau Palme (Areca Sapida), Hinau (Elaocarpus), Ponga Fern tree (Cyathea dealbata), Rata (Metrosideros robusta), Harakeke (Phormium tenax).

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purposes. The Kowai (Edwardsia microphylla) also, with its magnificent yellow papilionaceous blossoms, grows in many districts to a considerable size. Among the largest forest trees there are in addition several representatives from the families of the Myrtaceae and Laurineae, and especially the Rata (Metrosideros robusta), the trunk of which, frequently measuring 40 feet in circumference, is always covered with all sorts of parasitical plants, and the crown of which bears bunches of scarlet blossoms; also the Kahikatoa (Leptospernum), Tawa (Laurus), Pukatea (Laurelia), Karaka (Corinocarpus) and a great many others. The under-wood is composed of bushes and shrubs of the most different kinds, especially species of Panax and Aralia, above which the slender Nikau palm (Areca sapida), the sole representative of its genus upon New Zealand, rears its sap-green crown in picturesque majesty.

While this palm and the fern trees remind us by their forms of tropical forests, the New Zealand forest owes its tropical luxuriance to the countless parasitical weeds, ferns, to the Pandaneae (Freycinetia Banksii), and Orchideae, covering trunks and branches, and to the creepers (Ripogonum, Rubus, Metrosideros, Clematis, Passiflora, Sicyos, etc.), which cover the ground as with a natural netting, which coil round every stem, run up every limb, glide from head to head and entwine the topmost branches of a dozen trees in Gordian knots. Thus the forests become impenetrable thickets, which sun and air scarce can penetrate, and which have to be cut through with the knife or sword at every step the traveller makes into the untrodden wilderness. Through the narrow paths of the natives it is only with the outmost efforts that a way can be worked over the gnarled roots of trees and through the creepers which obstruct the passage at every moment. To the wanderer there are especially two kinds of creepers extremely molesting and troublesome, the so-called "supple-jack" of the colonists (Ripogonum parviflorum), in the rope-like creeping vines of which the traveller finds himself every moment entangled; and Rubus Australis, the thorny strings of which scratch the hands and face, and which the colonists, therefore, very wittily call the "bush lawyer." In the

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interior of the Bush it is gloomy; everything as silent as the grave; neither gay blossoms nor gaudy butterflies and birds greet the eye or relieve the melancholy monotony of the scenery; all animal life seems extinct, and, however much the curious traveller may have yearned after sylvan beauty, it is with feelings of delight that after days of tedious plodding through the dreary solitude of those gloomy and desolate woods he hails once more the cheering daylight of the open landscape.

Appendix.

List of flowering alpine plants in the Mountain Ranges of the interior of the Province of Canterbury, growing from 4000 feet to the line of perpetual snow; according to Dr. J. Haast.

Ranunculus Lyallii (Hooker fil. 1863)
" Traversii do.
" pinguis var. Monroi
" Buchanani (Hooker fil. 1864)
" Haastii do. 1863
" sericophyllus do. 1864
" Sinclairii do. 1864
" gracilipes (Hooker fil. 1864)
Caltha novae-Zelandiae
Notathlaspi rosulatum (Hook. fil. 1863)
Viola Cunninghamii Stellaria Roughii (Hooker fil. 1863)
Gunnera prorepens
Epilobium macropus
" confertifolium
" crassum
Pozoa Haastii (Hooker fil. 1863)
" reniformis
Aciphylla Lyallii (Hooker fil. 1863)
" Monroi
" Dobsonii (Hooker fil. 1863)
Ligustisum Haastii (F. Muller, 1861)
" piliferum (Hooker fi. 1863)
Ligustisum carnosulum do.
" aromaticum do.
Coprosma depressa
Olearia Haastii (Hooker fil. 1863)
Celmisia densiflora (Hooker fil. 1863)
" discolor
" Haastii (Hooker fil. 1863)
" Lyallii (Hooker fil. 1863)
" viscosa (Hooker fil. 1864)
" petiolata (Hooker fll. 1863)
" laricifolia
" Hectori (Hooker fil. 1863)
" sessiliflora do.
" bellidioides do.
" glandulosa do.
Brachicome Sinclairii (Hooker fil. 1864)
Cotula atrata (Hooker fil. 1864)
" pectinata do.
" pyrethrifolia do.
Ozothamnus microphyllus
Raoulia australis
" tenuicaulis
" Haastii (Hooker fil. 1864)

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Raoulia Monroi (Hooker fil. 1864)
" subulate (Hooker fil. 1863)
" eximia do. 12
" subsericea
" grandiflora
" mammillaris (Hook. fil. 1863)
Gnaphalium bellidioides
" Youngii (Hooker fil. 1864)
" Traversii (Hooker fil. 1864)
" grandiceps (Hook. fil. 1863)
Haastia recurva (Hooker fil. 1863)
" Sinclairii do.
Senecio Lagopus
" bellidioides
" Haastii (Hooker fil. 1863)
" Greyii
" elaeagnifolius
" cassinioides (Hooker fil. 1863)
Forstera sedifolia
" tenella
Helophyllum clavigerum
" Colensoi (Hooker fil. 1864) Stylidium subulatum do.
Lobelia Roughii (Hooker fil. 1864)
Pratia macrodon (Hooker fil. 1864)
Leucopogon Fraseri
Pentachondra pumila
Epacris Alpina
Dracophyllum uniflorum

Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium
Gentiana saxosa
Myosotis Traversii
Veronica Hectori (Hooker fil. 1863)
" tetrasticha do. 1864
" Haastii do. 1863
" epacridea do. do.
" macrantha do. do.
Pygmea pulvinaris (Hooker fil. 1864)
Ourisia macrophylla
" sessiliflora (Hooker fil. 1863)
" caespitosa
Euphrasia Monroi (Hooker fil. 1863)
" revoluta
" antarctica
Drapetes Dieffenbachii
" Lyallii
Fagus cliffortioides
Podocarpus ferruginea
" nivalis
Dacrydium laxifolium
Caladenia minor
" bifolia
Astelia nervosa
Luzula pumila (Hooker fil. 1863)
Oreobolus Pumilio
Agrostis canina
Poa breviglumis
Triticum Youngii (Hooker fil. 1863).

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List of Ferns, Lycopodiaceae, and Marsileaceae, from the Interior of the Southern Alps.

Cyathea Smithii
Alsophila Colensoi
Hymenophyllam unilaterale " minimum
" multifidum
" rarum
" puleherrimum
" dilatatum
" crispatum
" polyanthos
" demissum
" scabrum
" flabellatum
Trichomanes humile.
" Colensoi
Cystopteris fragilis
Hypolepis tenuifolia
" millefolium
Cheilanthes tenuifolia
Pteris aquilina var. esculenta
" macilenta

Lomaria procera
" fluviatilis
" membranacea
" vulcanica
" alpina
" Banksii
" nigra
Asplenium obtusatum
" Trichomanes
" Hookerianum
" bulbiferum
" flaccidum
Aspidium aculeatum var. vestitum
" cystostegia
Polypodium australe
" sylvaticum
Leptopteris superba
Botrychium cicutarium var. australe
Lycopodium Selago
" clavatum
Azolla rubra.