1817 - Nicholas, J. L. Narrative of a Voyage to New Zealand [Vol.II] - CHAPTER X. SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS

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CHAP. X.

IN taking a first view of civilized society, as its various artificial wants are contrasted with the simple requisites of savage life, we should be led to suppose that the human species is much more likely to be multiplied in the latter than in the former state, where obstacles, proceeding from so many accidental causes, act as a check to the extension of mankind. Among cultivated nations, the numbers who neither enter into the marriage state, nor give themselves up to illegitimate connections, are very considerable; prudential motives, untoward circumstances, ascetic devotion, together with numerous other reasons, conspire to make a vast body in every civilized country resolve upon a life of perpetual celibacy; while dissolute habits, with their attendant distempers, render too many others, of both sexes, incapable of adding to

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the population. It should therefore be thought, that in uncivilized countries, where nature never meets with any of these obstructions, and where a sufficiency of food (the only requisite) might be raised for the inhabitants, with comparatively little labour, the advance of propagation must be very great; yet this is by no means the case, and New Zealand affords a striking instance of it. From the many natural advantages which this country possesses, it might be supposed that it would contain a crowded population; but it happens quite otherwise; and so far as we could judge from observation and inquiry, we found the scanty number of natives entirely disproportioned to the vast extent of territory they inhabited. In the Bay of Islands, to which our means for information on this subject were chiefly confined, we beheld the population composed of small communities, living apart from each other, and when taken collectively, their aggregate number was but trifling. The people of Rangehoo did not amount to more than three hundred souls, and this was the largest community of the entire; while in the principal town belonging to the areekee Kangeroa, which stood about twenty miles in the inte-

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rior, we could find, when we visited it, only fifty or sixty inhabitants; and four hundred was the greatest number the place could possibly contain, though it was the grand capital and seat of the supreme chief of this quarter. With the exception of two or three places, the villages in the neighbourhood of this bay that were best peopled, contained but from fifty to one hundred inhabitants, and the greater part of them had only from twenty to thirty. The rival forces which were mustered together under the chiefs Henou and Wiveeah, and which formed the largest assemblage of warriors I had seen in the country, did not amount collectively to more than four hundred, though comprising all the male population of the surrounding districts. Our final departure from Rangehoo, which attracted the natives from the banks of the Cowa-cowa, the Wycaddie, and other remote parts of the interior, collected at most (exclusively of the subjects of Duaterra) only five hundred people, who came to take their leave of us; so that the country in general appeared to us to be very imperfectly supplied with inhabitants.

But though we may form an accurate opinion as to the amount of population, whe-

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ther great or small, which New Zealand contains, still as our knowledge of the country is confined almost exclusively to the sea-coast, any numerical statement of this amount cannot be given with precision. Doctor Forster, who has computed the population of the different islands in the South Sea, has fixed that of New Zealand through the whole extent at one hundred thousand souls; but though I conceive this estimate to be fully equal to the number of the inhabitants, yet I will suppose them at present one hundred and fifty thousand. Taking, therefore, the latter amount as the ratio of calculation, we shall find that Eaheinomauwe, or the Northern Island, which contains 16,742,400 square acres, will have remaining, for the support of each individual, a space of between seventy and eighty acres, after one-third is deducted for rivers, marshes, and those high lands which cannot be brought into cultivation; and if, in the time of the Romans, one acre was found sufficient for the maintenance of one person, Eaheinomauwe will be found capable, when acted upon by the industry of man, of furnishing food for upwards of seventy times its present population. The Southern Island is of still larger extent; and

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consequently, upon the same principle, must afford a greater number of acres for each inhabitant. Thus it will be seen how immense is the disproportion between the population of this country and the space it includes; and the causes of it are to be traced to the barbarous and unorganized state of society among the natives. Nature has been liberal to them in every respect, but they have not learned to avail themselves of her bounty; and their institutions, like those of every savage people, are all of them hostile to her purposes. The principal causes which retard the increase of population in New Zealand are the following: --the degraded state in which the women are held; the universal practice of polygamy among the higher classes; preposterous superstitions; the frequency of suicides; and the people not being united under one head, but divided into small independent tribes under their respective chiefs, whose jealousy of each other involves them in perpetual hostility. The limits of this work will allow me only to advert cursorily to each of these causes; yet even were I not thus circumscribed, I might, perhaps, be readily excused for not entering into an elaborate disquisition on the subject.

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In proportion as nations advance or retrograde in civilization, so we find the female sex treated with a greater or less degree of gentleness and attention. Countries distinguished for their refinement 1 are also conspicuous for admitting women to their proper rank in society; and it is only in states where rudeness and barbarism are found to exist, that those beings, who were designed by nature to be the solace of man in his progress through life, are made wretched slaves to his presumptuous tyranny. Thus it happens in New Zealand, where woman is born only to labour incessantly for her task-master; and though, while health remains, she exerts the whole of it in his service, yet the period soon arrives, when hardships and privations exhaust her frame, and she becomes incapable of further drudgery. The term of procreation is also short from the same cause; and most of the women of this country cease at

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an early age to bring forth children. But let it not be supposed from these remarks, that the New Zealanders treat their women with wanton cruelty, while they oblige them to perpetual toil; it is far otherwise, and they conceive they are only claiming the right they are entitled to as superior beings, in making them, as an inferior species, work instead of themselves. In fact, considering the respective attributes of each people, they do not at all differ in this particular from the Swedish peasantry, who oblige their women to do all the agricultural labours, as well as various others of a masculine description. Most savage tribes, I rather think, are unconscious of any severity towards their women in thus consigning them to toilsome servitude; and it is fortunate for the latter, that they never consider it an injustice or degradation.

With respect to polygamy in New Zealand, as it operates against the progress of population, it must be observed, that the higher orders form an interested conjunction with several women, none of whom, except her who is emphatically termed the head wife, can be said to experience any of the enjoyments of matrimony; living with their nominal husbands in the degraded state I have de-

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scribed, and as handmaids to the favoured spouse. Though obliged, when once married, to submit for life to conjugal restraints, (death, under certain circumstances, being the sure consequence of any dereliction,) still, as they are generally neglected for the head wife, the intercourse between them and the men who claim their fidelity is unfrequent, which of course must be unfavourable to the propagation of the human species. The gross superstitions of these people have a powerful tendency to abridge the natural period of their existence. No sooner does a person arrive at a certain stage of illness among them, than they place the unhappy creature under the wrath of the Etua; and, incapable of accounting for the disease with which he is afflicted, as of applying a remedy to it, they can only consider it as a preternatural visitation of retributive justice, which it would be impious to resist by any human expedient. Many a poor sufferer who, with a little ordinary attention, might be soon restored to health and vigour, is devoted by this horrid superstition to perish in the very midst of his kindred, without a single effort being made for his recovery. But his death is not the only loss which the community

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sustains at the time it happens; his wife, though she durst not administer that simple aid which might have rescued him from a premature grave, is obliged to immolate herself at his dissolution, as an indispensable test of her faithful attachment. With the above causes, on which I have severally commented, I must now notice the feudal chieftainships, as tending to keep this country always low in point of numbers. Were the inhabitants of New Zealand all subject to one ruler, or did they form one undivided republic, they would not be liable to those jealousies and barbarous dissensions to which their present incongruous system of polity gives rise; and those lives which are now so often lost to avenge the quarrels of the petty chiefs, would then be preserved, and rendered valuable to society. In all barbarous nations the impulse to hostility is easily provoked; and in one where the whole population is divided into independent tribes, occasions of disagreement will too frequently occur. Hence in New Zealand there are always furious struggles for separate interests, which have a considerable effect in diminishing the number of its inhabitants, though certainly not in the degree that might be supposed,

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from the character and temper of the hostile parties. Violent and ungovernable as they generally are, when recourse is had to arms, yet, as has been shewn in the Narrative, they are sometimes willing to come to a peaceable accommodation; and it may be ascribed to these occasional adjustments, that much greater havoc is not made upon the population. The preceding appear to me to be the chief causes why a country of such extent and such advantages as New Zealand is so thinly peopled; and having thus briefly examined each of them, I shall now offer a few general remarks on the character of the natives, while I afterwards recur, as I promised, to the subject of establishing an European colony among them, which must conclude these additional observations.

The motives by which man in the savage state is liable to be actuated, are so very undefined that it is impossible to give an exact account of his character, wanting, as it does, that consistent stability and regular tenor, which are necessary for a minute delineation. It will be proper, therefore, without making any categorical statements as to particulars, which in most cases are variable, to consider his general conduct as it

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is influenced by those decided principles of action which he inherits from nature, in common with the civilized part of his species. Estimating the people of New Zealand by this rule, we find them superior to most savage tribes in some of the qualities they possess, yet are they rendered abhorrent, at the same time, by atrocious enormities, which, however, it would be unjust to attribute to innate cruelty. Divided as a nation by the form of their government, they are split into rival associations, who are taught from their infancy to cherish a spirit of ferocious hostility against each other; and implacable vengeance becomes a necessary duty, to which they are reconciled by habit, while they indulge it without remorse. But in his social and domestic relations, where the full force of the human heart is allowed to prevail, no man can be more amiable than the New Zealander. Seated in the midst of his family or friends, he appears gentle, conciliating and affectionate; and, far from exercising a severe controul over his dependants, he behaves towards them upon all occasions with affability and mildness, abject and insignificant as they are held in his estimation. In this respect the New Zealand chiefs are par-

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ticularly distinguished from the higher classes in the Tonga Islands, who treat the multitude, in many instances, with wanton cruelty, as we have seen in the case of Finow, the king of those islands, who ordered the cookee or plebeian to be shot, without the least provocation that could justify such an act. Neither the areekees, nor the subordinate chiefs of New Zealand, are ever known to imbrue their hands in this unwarrantable manner in the blood of their followers; and whenever the latter transgress, they usually punish them with a spirit of lenity and moderation, consigning them to death only for crimes which they consider heinous. The tenderest parental affection (an impulse wisely ordained by nature) is remarkable among all classes, high and low, in this country. The chiefs carry their children upon their backs, taking them from their mothers at an early age, that they may not be an incumbrance to them in their laborious employments. It must be allowed, however, that the men make excellent nurses, and have a peculiar art in the management of their infant offspring. I have never seen any father fonder of his child than the chief Wiveeah appeared to be of a fine boy, whom he brought with him on his back,

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in one of his visits to us; he evinced the gentlest attention to the little creature, while it clung with its arms round his neck, and seemed to rest perfectly happy in his indulgent care. In their respective tribes, these people are not provoked to anger without some very serious cause, their natural disposition being tranquil and equable; but when they form separate coalitions, the most trivial circumstance will act as an incitement to ungovernable violence. Native courage, that peculiar characteristic of all savage nations, they possess in an eminent degree; but it is never tempered with mercy, nor softened down by compassion. In battle they rarely give or expect quarter, and when the conflict is over, their revenge is not sated till they shew themselves more than ordinary barbarians, by devouring their victims--the last outrage they can offer to humanity.

Superstition is natural to man, and it exists under distinct forms in different countries. Civilized nations are not exempt from its influence, nor is it to be expected that they will be, as long as some men are born with weaker minds than others. Its growth, however, has been considerably checked, if not destroyed, in all countries where science has

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made progress; and I am persuaded, there cannot now be found in Scotland half the number of seers, that might be met with in that superstitious quarter of Great Britain a century ago. In New Zealand, as in other countries where the people are utter strangers to the first principles of knowledge, the grossest delusions prevail, and the word taboo very frequently decides the actions of a whole race. To follow this word through its several diversified meanings, would be to detail minutely every circumstance that regards the political and moral economy of these people; a task I am by no means prepared for: it not only regulates their institutions, but likewise their daily labours, and there is scarcely a single act they perform, with which this momentous dissyllable does not interfere. Yet though it subjects them, as the reader must have seen, to many absurd and painful restrictions, it is nevertheless found particularly useful in a nation so irregularly constituted. It serves them in the absence of laws, as the only security for the protection of persons and property, giving them an awful sacredness which no one dares to violate; and by its powerful influence, restraining even the most cruel

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and rapacious plunderers. It were fortunate for the natives, if they were all under the sanction of this mystical guarantee; but this is not the case, the protection it affords being confined only to certain orders, with whom it is revocable at pleasure, though in their various concerns, the taboo, as I have stated, affects the general body of the population. This superstition serves in a great measure to consolidate the limited power of the areekees over the inferior chiefs; for instance, if one of the former class thinks proper to taboo any ship coming into the harbour, none of the latter must dare think of holding the least communication with her, or of supplying her with provisions, while the interdict continues. The same holds good with respect to whatever else the areekee chooses to exclude from common intercourse, and the prohibition being generally understood, is never upon any account contravened. When they go to war, I rather think that the taboo is either suspended for a time, or that it permits their hostilities; but as the tohungha or priest is the arbiter of all their delusions, he takes care, I have no doubt, to suit them to the genius of his votaries, if not to their con-

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venience. The New Zealanders make no idols, nor have they any external form of worship; their conceptions of a supreme power being shewn only in the veneration they have for the above-mentioned superstition, and in the single word taboo all their religion and morality may be said to consist.

In his daily occupations, the New Zealander seldom applies himself to his work for any length of time together; for not setting any adequate value on time, it is quite a matter of indifference to him at what period his task is finished, provided it be ultimately completed. Desultory in his general mode of living, he has no fixed hours by which to regulate his proceedings; and following nature in every thing but the moderation she enjoins, he eats to excess when he is hungry, goes to sleep when he finds drowsiness and lassitude steal upon him, and joins in the dance or song when prompted by the effervescent flow of the animal spirits. Those chieftains who are more advanced in years, usually spend the day in conversation, being seated on the ground under the open air, while they have collected round them a social circle, who are admitted to the freedom of converse, and

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avail themselves of the indulgence with incessant loquacity, the cookees bringing refreshments at stated intervals, of fern-root and potatoes. The women, though doomed to a state of degraded and toilsome servitude, are under no restraint in the presence of the chiefs; and mingling in their festivities during the hours of relaxation, they seem for the time to forget their inferiority, nor upon these occasions does any thing happen to remind them of it. With the manners, habits and customs of these people, the reader has been occasionally made acquainted in the detached accounts given in the preceding Narrative; and confining the present remarks to their general character, I shall conclude them by observing summarily, that in his peaceful pursuits, the New Zealander appears social, cheerful, friendly and hospitable, disposed to kind offices, and faithful to his engagements; but war effects a total transformation in the man, and it is then only that he becomes a cruel, furious and untameable savage.

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CONCLUSION.

Reverting now to the subject of forming an European Colony in the fine and fertile country of New Zealand, I shall proceed to submit those additional remarks with respect to it, which the restricted order of the Narrative precluded me from offering in the first instance. The motives which can induce a civilized community to emigrate to a remote and barbarous land, I am well aware, must be particularly forcible; they must originate either in immediate necessity at home, or in the peculiar facilities which the foreign region offers, of procuring an easy independence in a shorter time and with less trouble than it could be realized in the mother country. Man is not yet so complete a cosmopolite as to forego his connections, and the land of his nativity, without sensations of regret; and however indigent may be his circumstances, and however cheerless the country that gave him birth, he rarely departs as an emigrant but with a sort of melancholy dejection, nor can he always abstract his heart even from

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the associations of his poverty. It cannot therefore be supposed, that a colony of Englishmen (for such I would wish them to be) would proceed to New Zealand without the strongest inducements; yet from what has been already made known of that country through the medium of the Church Missionary Society, a considerable number of persons 2 in England are become desirous of going out there as settlers. Without hazarding any opinions inconsiderately, I have no doubt but an English Colony in New Zealand might soon become flourishing and happy: the space being so ample for their industry, the soil so fertile, the climate so salubrious, they would have every natural advantage in their favour; and I shall now state some particulars in detail, which certainly hold out a rational encouragement.

The whole of the northern part of New Zealand, and much of the southern likewise, are admirably adapted for the growth of every kind of grain, as also of various other

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productions; and the vine, the olive, the orange, the citron, with all the choicest fruits of the countries in the South of Europe, might be produced here in the greatest abundance by proper cultivation. In fact, there is scarcely any production that can stimulate man to exertion by rewarding his industry, which this country, with moderate labour, could not furnish, if we except those plants which require the heat of a tropical sun to bring them to perfection. The immense surplus of the native productions of the country, above what would be required for the use of the colonists, would be extremely valuable in a commercial point of view. The timber of its extensive forests finds at this time a quick sale in the market of Port Jackson, where it is cut up into scantling, and preferred to the timber of that place, which from its hardness is difficult to be worked, and from the quantity of its gum-veins occasions a considerable waste. When a free communication is opened with the Spanish Colonies on the south-west coast of America, which from the present posture of affairs in that part of the world, may be reasonably anticipated as an event very likely soon to take place,

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a fine field for speculation would present itself to the colonists of New Zealand, from which country timber has been already carried thither; and I believe with considerable advantage to those commanders of vessels who have taken it. Wood being scarce in these colonies, is always sure to bear a high price; and the settler at New Zealand receiving his payment in specie, would be enabled to purchase those European commodities which are necessary for the comforts of life, as well as for its more refined enjoyments. For the smaller timber which abounds here, a ready market is open at Calcutta, where the heavy native wood is not adapted for the yards and topmasts of vessels; and when I left Port Jackson, Mr. Marsden had it in contemplation to have always a supply of spars for the ships that came from India. Though the timber in the part of the country that we visited is not fit for the purposes of ship-building, which requires wood of considerable firmness and solidity to resist the destructive action of the worm and the violence of the elements, yet on the Southern Island the timber is much stronger and of a closer grain. A vessel of 150 tons burthen is said to have been con-

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structed some years back in Dusky Bay, but I have not been able to learn how far it answered the expectation of the builder. However, from what Captain Cook states respecting the timber in this quarter, I am disposed to believe that ships both durable and substantial might be built from it.

The fisheries of this country would be an invaluable source of wealth in themselves; and the vast quantities of fish which they would supply for exportation might be sure, I should think, of finding a market in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. The two species of the whale so very valuable, the one for its sperm or head-matter, the other for its oil, are frequently met with in these seas, so much so, that New Zealand has been for many years accounted one of the best stations for procuring those prodigious animals. Should the Government at home not deem it expedient to allow the colonists to avail themselves of this lucrative traffic, but confine it exclusively to the vessels fitted out from England; still it would be of advantage to the settlement, as these vessels would put in upon their coast for provisions, in preference to Port Jackson, where, from the heavy charges of the port duties, and the almost

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general want of principle among the trading part of the inhabitants, the expenses to which commanders of ships are necessarily liable, become a serious drawback upon the profits of the voyage. The ursine-seal or sea-bear, and the sea-lion, are found in congregated herds to the southward; and on Campbell and Macquarie Islands, 3 which are situated at no great distance from the southern part of New Zealand, the valuable furs of these animals are found in great plenty, and are now made by the colonists of New South Wales a most profitable article of commerce either in England or in China, to which latter country they are frequently exported. The settlers at New Zealand, from the contiguity of their situation, could possess themselves of a great share of this trade, and con-

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sequently participate in the profits which are already derived from it.

That singular species of the flax-plant, which I have already described as peculiar to this country, is, from the strength and firmness of its fibre, the great abundance that each plant produces, the little trouble required in preparing it, and the facility with which it may be cultivated, another very considerable resource of which the colonist might avail himself. From this plant, which I do not hesitate to pronounce the most valuable of its kind of any ever yet known, he would not only be enabled to supply himself with an excellent material for the fabrication of linen, canvas and cordage for every purpose, but would, when a regular intercourse was established with the mother country, find it a most advantageous article of export, as the sale of it in England would be always certain and profitable. When in the course of time the settlers would be enabled from the augmented strength of their numbers, to search for new sources of wealth in the bowels of the earth; it is very probable that the long chain of hills which I have before adverted to as likely to contain metallic ores, may yield treasures far beyond what the

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most sanguine hopes of the miner could venture to anticipate. But without at all considering these treasures, which are only contingent, New Zealand possesses so many obvious resources which are defined and certain, as would render it one of the fittest places in the world for an industrious and enterprising colony.

It may be urged perhaps as an objection against forming any considerable settlement in this country, that the natives being a brave and warlike race, would look with jealousy on the colonists, as threatening at some future period to destroy their liberty and independence, and would therefore take every opportunity to harass them in the progress of their acquisitions, by continued acts of hostility and depredation. But from what I have seen of the disposition of the New Zealanders, I do not believe that there would be any cause for apprehension in this respect. The security of the colony would entirely depend upon the settlers themselves; for by conducting themselves towards these people in a kind and conciliatory manner, they might easily secure their attachment and prevent their suspicions: but if by adopting a contrary demeanour, they should

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have the imprudence to provoke their resentment, the very worst consequences might be expected to ensue. As landed property is accurately defined in New Zealand, there being among the chiefs a mutual recognition of their respective territories, and an understanding that no encroachment is to be made on any without the general consent, it would be necessary to enter into a regular agreement with one of the areekees for a certain portion of land; which in the absence of a legal obligation, should be secured to the colonists by the superstition of the taboo, and the limits properly ascertained. In this purchase there would be no difficulty, as they might get a very extensive tract of ground ceded to them for a small number of axes and implements of agriculture, their natural wants rendering these articles much more precious in the estimation of the New Zealanders, than specie is with us as a circulating medium. Their next measure should be to gain the confidence and friendship of the areekee from whom the purchase was made, and also to enter into alliances with the chiefs in the vicinity of the settlement, who would feel a degree of pride in being admitted to a close intercourse with Euro-

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peans, and would readily co-operate with them in repelling any remote tribes, who might come for the purpose of rapacious aggression. These chieftains might readily be prevailed upon to assist them with their people in the cultivation of their lands; and for this purpose, houses should be built for them, rations regularly served out to them, and they should be treated in every respect upon an equality with the white inhabitants; care being taken at the same time that the labour required from them should not be exacted with severity, as their present desultory mode of living could not be expected to be changed at once into a constant and regular habit of application.

The limits of this work will not permit me to go into a more enlarged detail, on a subject which I would again hope may attract the attention of the Government, at a time when so many valuable members of society are pining all over the nation in extreme indigence. By the colonizing of New Zealand, the cause of humanity would be served in a two-fold manner; provision would be made for a distressed class of enlightened mortals, and the civilization of a fine race, who are now sunk in utter

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ignorance, would by such an event be rapidly accelerated.

ON THE LANGUAGE OF NEW ZEALAND.

The reader will perceive from what I have said when discussing the origin of the New Zealanders, that the several nations in the Pacific Ocean, which I have classed with them as belonging to the same source, speak only different dialects of the same language. That of New Zealand is soft and harmonious to the ear, from the alternation which it employs of the vowels and consonants, and there are rarely perceptible in it any harsh or discordant sounds. The subjoined Vocabulary was compiled by Mr. Kendall, previously to my departure from New South Wales, at which place it has been printed by order of Mr. Marsden, who sent several books of it to New Zealand for the instruction of the children there. The compiler derived considerable assistance from a copious collection of words in the Otaheitan language, with which he was furnished by one of the Missionaries, who had resided for gome years at Eimeo. This collection formed

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a vocabulary consisting of nearly two thousand words, the greater number of which had so close an affinity to those of New Zealand, that Mr. Kendall found it necessary to make but little alteration in the most of them, and in some none at all. The genius and construction of the two dialects appear to be perfectly the same, and the like identity is observable in the extensive vocabulary of Tonga words collected by Mr. Mariner, and compiled under the judicious care of the gentleman who edited his work. But the similarity of sound between the words of these dialects would be still more apparent, had the several vocabularies been collected by one individual; the perceptions of different persons are not alike, and hence variations may arise where none originally were found to exist. I observed when at New Zealand, that the Missionaries would not only differ from each other in the spelling of the same words, but likewise in the pronunciation of them; a circumstance which must always happen when a new language is to be learned with no other standard of instruction than the ear. In the words which I have inserted from the Tonga dialect, there are some which, corresponding in import with

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those of New Zealand, have exactly the same spelling, and others which vary in the spelling, but shew a radical analogy in the sound. From the dialect spoken in New Zealand, I should not think the language of the South Sea Islands a copious one, nor does it seem either forcible or energetic.

As Mr. Kendall is at present applying himself strictly to the study of the New Zealand language, it is probable he will furnish us in some time with a copious and enlarged account of it, and add considerably to the following collection of words, for which we are indebted to his industry.

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