Letters from Canterbury, New Zealand

R. B. (Robert Bateman) Paul

First published by Rivingtons in 1857

Digitised and made available online by the University of Auckland Libraries and Learning Services.

Epub © 2013 Early New Zealand Books Collection

ISBN 978-1-927288-20-7

[TITLE PAGES]

[Inserted unpaginated illustration]

AVONSIDE CHURCH, Canterbury
C. F. Fooks, Del.
Day & Son, Lithrs. to the Queen.

LETTERS
FROM
CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND.

BY
ROBERT BATEMAN PAUL, M. A.
ARCHDEACON OF WAIMEA, FORMERLY FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD, AUTHOR OF "GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES," "MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF GERMANY," &c. &c. &c.

WITH A MAP OF THE PROVINCE,
AND A CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE PROVINCE OF NELSON, SHOWING THE PURCHASED LAND, RESERVES, SHEEP AND CATTLE RUNS, MR. WELD'S OVERLAND ROUTE FROM NELSON TO CANTERBURY, &C &C

BY EDWARD JOLLIE, C. E.

London:
RIVINGTONS, WATERLOO PLACE.
1857.

"If you had made no provision for religion in your colony, you would have to take what you could get in the way of emigration.

"Your labouring class of emigrants would be composed of paupers, vagabonds, and sluts; your middle class, of broken-down tradesmen, semi-swindlers, and needy adventurers; your higher order, of men of desperate fortunes, and young reprobates spurned or coaxed into banishment.

"You would build with rotten materials, your colony would be disgusting." – Wakefield's Art of Colonization.

GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON.

[DEDICATION]

TO HIS EXCELLENCY

SIR GEORGE GREY, K. C. B.

GOVERNOR OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, &C &C &C

THESE PAGES ARE DEDICATED,

IN REMEMBRANCE OF MANY HAPPY HOURS SPENT IN HIS SOCIETY.

[Page iv is blank]

[PREFACE]

PREFACE.

THE following pages are for the most part the substance of information collected from time to time during a residence of more than four years in New Zealand, for the use of friends who contemplated emigration to that country. My plan has been to obtain, as far as possible, the opinions of persons universally acknowledged to be well qualified to give advice on practical colonial questions; consulting each on the subjects with which he may be supposed to be best acquainted. Thus, for example, I am indebted for the excellent article on the establishment of a sheep-station to Mr. Charles Hunter Brown of Double Corner; for information on agricultural matters, to Mr. W. G. Brittan and other experienced New Zealand farmers; for Church and educational statistics, to the Rev. Henry Jacobs, M. A., Sub-Warden of Christ's College, and Secretary to the Board of Church Trustees; and for a Map, which for minuteness and accuracy of detail can hardly, I think, be surpassed,

to Mr. Edward Jollie, a very experienced and able surveyor.

To all those gentlemen I am only too happy to have an opportunity of publicly acknowledging my obligation, as well as to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Provincial Secretary, and the surveyors and other officials in their respective offices, from whom I have obtained very valuable assistance.

I have taken no pains to render my book amusing to the mere fireside traveller, who may easily find plenty of well-written and very interesting accounts of New Zealand scenery, national customs, massacres in the days of heathenism, and missionary labours and success at a more recent period. But I shall be more than satisfied, if those who really think of settling among us find in it any information which may prove useful in the way cither of direction or caution; and both, they may be assured, will be needed by them, if they wish to avoid the mistakes into which most of us fell in the early days of the settlement.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.........1

LETTER I.

Objects of the Canterbury Association. – Advantages of the plan. – Landing of the first colonists at Lyttelton. – Public works at Lyttelton, Christchurch, and in the rural districts. – Progress of the settlement checked for a time by the discovery of gold in Australia. – Canterbury proclaimed one of the six provinces of New Zealand. – A Settlement founded at Kaiapoi. – Emigration agent despatched to England. – Census of 1854. – Slight shock of earthquake. – Extensive sheep robbery. – The Provincial Government accept the liabilities of the late Canterbury Association. – Bishop of New Zealand and Governor Brown visit Canterbury..........8

LETTER II.

Character of colonial society. – Rapid rise of the industrious working man. – What sort of persons ought to emigrate. – Advice to intending settlers. – Hints for the voyage......23

LETTER III.

Climate of Canterbury. – Mr. Fox's account of the New Zealand climate generally. – Facilities for the breeding of sheep, cattle, and horses. – Gardening. – Mr. Cass's meteorological journal.........36

LETTER IV.

Boundaries of the province. – Proposed route for a traveller who enters Canterbury from Nelson. – The Hurunui river,

Motunan. – Double Corner. – Mason's Pass. – Mount Grey. – River Ashley. – Rangiora. – Agricultural land. – Probable extent of the plain between Double Corner and Timaru. – Rivers Waimakeriri, Selwyn, Rakaia, Ashburton, Rangitaka, Cust, Eyre, Cam, Purarekanui, Halswell, Avon, and Heathcote. – -Native settlement of Kaiapoi. – Church. – Ferry. – Papanui church. – Christchurch gardens. – Riccarton. – Anecdote of Mr. Deans. – Cashmere. – Mr. Wilson's stud. – Avonside Church. – Heathcote Ferry. – Bridlepath. – Lyttelton. – Pigeon Bay. – Akaroa. – French Farm. – Lake Ellesmere. – Rapaki. – Lake Coleridge. – Talbot Forest. – The coal districts. – Cattle and sheep runs. – Advice to the bush traveller.........53

LETTER V.

The Church of England in Canterbury. – College and Schools. – Literary and scientific Associations. – The Christchurch Club. – Newspapers.......75

LETTER VI.

Sheep-farming. – "Starting a station." – Waste land regulations. – Pasturage. – Agriculture........88

APPENDIX.

A. – Narrative of Overland Journeys from Nelson to Christchurch, by Messrs. E. J. Lee and F. A. Weld.......105

B. – Census of 1854 .....Table facing 125

C. – Table of Exports during the year. – Account of Immigration..........130

D. – A Sermon, preached before his Honour the Superintendent, and the Provincial Council of Canterbury.. 132

E. – Appeal on behalf of Christ's College..........144

F. – List of Occupiers of Runs...........158

Map...........Facing 100

INTRODUCTION.

INTRODUCTION.

THE islands of New Zealand, although discovered in 1642 by the Dutch navigator Tasman, were still considered as part of the Terra Australis Incognita until 1769, when Captain Cook took possession of them in the name of the King of England. As early as the year 1793 the coasts seem to have been visited by whalers, whose reckless cruelties provoked the native inhabitants to frequent and bloody reprisals; but no European resided on either of the islands until 1814, when the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Colonial Chaplain of New South Wales, established a mission in the Bay of Islands, in connexion with the Church Missionary Society. At the same time, a proclamation was issued by the Governor of New South Wales, declaring New Zealand a dependency of the British Crown, and nominating the first missionary (Mr. Kendal) to the office of Resident Magistrate. 1 In 1823 a Wesleyan

mission was founded at Wangaroa, north of the Bay of Islands, and in 1828 at Hokianga, on the northwest coast of the Northern Island. In 1820 two native chiefs, Hongi and Waikato, visited England with Mr. Kendal, and were hospitably entertained at Cambridge, where Professor Lee compiled a Grammar and Dictionary of the Maori (New Zealand native) language, into which portions of the Bible and Prayer Book were soon afterwards translated.

In 1825 an Association was formed for the colonization of New Zealand; but this scheme seems to have failed through the incompetency of the agent sent out to explore the islands. Meanwhile Hongi, having obtained a few muskets and a supply of ammunition from his friends in England, had been engaged for some months in a bloody warfare in the north-west, expelling several tribes, who in their progress southward attacked others, until at length a formidable clan, headed by Rauparaha and Rangihaeta, crossed Cook's Strait, and almost depopulated the Middle Island. In 1827 whaling establishments were formed on the shores of Cook's Strait, where the whalers, a rough, dissolute race, seem readily to have

fraternized with Rauparaha and his tribe. In 1831 thirteen of the native chiefs, irritated beyond endurance by the aggressions of these confederates, addressed a letter to George IV., imploring the protection of the British Crown, which was granted to the extent of sending out a resident, with powers too limited to be of any real service. In 1835 the sovereignty of the islands was claimed by Baron de Thiery, a French adventurer, who had purchased some lands from the natives through the agency of Mr. Kendal. In their terror at the prospect of French domination, the missionaries and some of the more decent settlers persuaded thirty-five of the native chiefs to sign a declaration of independence, which was recognized by the British Government, who sent out a number of flags, from which they were invited to choose one for their national standard. In 1837 a society was formed in London for the colonization of the islands, but the Government of that day refused to sanction the scheme, on the plea that New Zealand was an independent country, over which the British Crown had no authority.

At length, after protracted discussions and much disappointment, the New Zealand Company was incorporated in 1839; and on the 12th of May in that year Colonel William Wakefield sailed from Plymouth in the "Tory," and reached Cook's Strait on the 17th of August. Meanwhile the attempt at establishing

an independent sovereignty having proved (as might have been anticipated) a total failure, Captain Hobson, R. N., was appointed British Consul, and subsequently Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand. About the end of January, 1840, Governor Hobson landed in the Bay of Islands, and having soon afterwards established his seat of government at Auckland, proclaimed (with the consent of most of the native chiefs) the sovereignty of the British Crown over New Zealand. This convention is generally known as the "Treaty of Waitangi," from the name of a place in the Bay of Islands, where it was signed. On the 22nd of January, 1840, three shiploads of emigrants, who had sailed from Plymouth on the l6th of September of the previous year, landed safely at Port Nicholson (Wellington), where Colonel Wakefield had already purchased considerable tracts of land from the natives. In 1840 a ship, with about sixty emigrants on board, sent out by a French Association, called the "Nanto-Bordelaise Company," arrived in the Bay of Islands, escorted by a French corvette, the commander of which acceded to Governor Hobson's request that British sovereignty, as derived from Captain Cook's discovery of the islands, should be at once proclaimed at Akaroa, on Banks's Peninsula, to which place the emigrants were bound. Accordingly, the British flag was hoisted at Akaroa, four days before the arrival of the colonists, under the escort of

M. de Beligny, agent of the Nanto-Bordelaise Company.

In February, 1841, the New Zealand Company founded the settlements of Petre on the river Wanganui, and New Plymouth (Taranaki), on the western coast of the Northern Island; and in October the settlement of Nelson, at the head of Blind Bay, on a site chosen by Captain Arthur Wakefield. On the 29th of May, 1842, Dr. George Augustus Selwyn, who had been consecrated Bishop of New Zealand on the 17th of the previous October, arrived at Auckland, and proceeded to organize an extensive missionary system in conjunction with the Church Missionary Society, besides appointing clergymen to minister to the British settlers at Wellington, Nelson, and New Plymouth. 2 In 1842 Governor Hobson died at Auckland, and was succeeded by Captain Fitzroy,

R. N., the whole of whose administration seems to have been a period of disaster and disappointment. In the south occurred the lamentable massacre of the Wairau (where Captain Wakefield and many other valuable Nelson settlers lost their lives), and various butcheries perpetrated in the valley of the Hutt, near Wellington, by the followers of Rauparaha and Rangihaeta; whilst in the north the British flag was insulted, 3 and our troops defeated by the insurgent natives. At length, towards the end of the year 1845, Governor Fitzroy having been recalled, Captain (afterwards Sir George) Grey arrived at Auckland, and began his career as governor "by energetic measures for enforcing British law and for conquering the rebellious natives throughout the colony. By a due mixture of conciliation and firmness, he commanded respect from the natives even before he had completely succeeded in subduing them; whilst, by his affable demeanour and a more equitable distribution of an increased government expenditure among all the settlements, he also acquired the admiration of the Cook's Strait colonists." 4 In April, 1847, Earl Grey con-

cluded an agreement with the New Zealand Company; the principal conditions of which were that the Government should lend 136,000l. to the Company, in addition to the 100,000l. formerly advanced; and that the charter of the Company should lapse to the Government if, within three years, they found it impossible to carry out their scheme. In 1848, Otakou (or Otago, as it is now generally spelt), in the southern part of the Middle Island, was colonized by an Association of members of the Free Church of Scotland; and in 1850 the first colonists were sent out to a Church of England settlement, founded in the vicinity of Banks's Peninsula by the Canterbury Association. The charter of this Association, like that of the New Zealand Company, has since lapsed to the Crown, the stipulated quantity of land not having been sold within a given time. On the 18th of January, 1853, a new constitution, which had been granted to New Zealand by the Imperial Government in the preceding year, was proclaimed by Sir George Grey, who soon afterwards returned to England, and after a long interregnum was succeeded in 1855 by Colonel Gore Brown, C. B., late Governor of St. Helena.

1 The first clergyman appointed to the New Zealand mission was the Rev. Henry Williams (now Archdeacon of the Waimate), who was sent out by the Church Missionary Society in 1822, and established himself at Paihia on the south side of the Bay of Islands. In 1825 the Rev. W. Williams (now Archdeacon of Whaiapu) joined his brother at Paihia, and resided with him until 1837, when he removed to the East Cape.

2 "I landed first at Auckland, on Monday, May 30, from the brig 'Bristolian,' in which I had proceeded from Sydney. Auckland now contains a population of 1900 persons, of whom more than 1100 are registered as members of the Church of England. The Rev. J. F. Churton, late Chaplain at Wellington, has officiated here during the last year and a half. I am now (July 20, 1842) off the harbour of Auckland, in the government brig 'Victoria,' bound to Wellington and Nelson. On board with me are Rev. R. Cole for Wellington, and Rev. C. L. Reay, Church Missionary for the southwestern district." – Bishop of New Zealand's first letter to the Secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.

The Rev. William Bolland was ordained Deacon and appointed to New Plymouth on the 24th September, 1843.

3 The ringleader in these disturbances was a chief named John Heke, who commenced hostilities by cutting down a flagstaff on the hill above Kororareka. For a detailed account of the insurrection, see letter of the Bishop of New Zealand to the secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, dated Easter Eve, 1845.

4 "Handbook of New Zealand, by a late Magistrate of the Colony." Parker.

LETTER I.

LETTER I.

OBJECTS OF THE CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION. – ADVANTAGES OF THE PLAN. – LANDING OF THE FIRST COLONISTS AT LYTTELTON. – PUBLIC WORKS AT LYTTELTON, CHRISTCHURCH, AND IN THE RURAL DISTRICTS. – PROGRESS OF THE SETTLEMENT CHECKED FOR A TIME BY THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN AUSTRALIA. – CANTERBURY PROCLAIMED ONE OF THE SIX PROVINCES OF NEW ZEALAND. – A SETTLEMENT FOUNDED AT KAIPOIA. – EMIGRATION AGENT DESPATCHED TO ENGLAND. – CENSUS OF 1854. – SLIGHT SHOCK OF EARTHQUAKE. – EXTENSIVE SHEEP ROBBERY. – THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT ACCEPT THE LIABILITIES OF THE LATE CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION. – BISHOP OF NEW ZEALAND AND GOVERNOR BROWN VISIT CANTERBURY.

YOU are no doubt aware, that the Canterbury Association was formed avowedly for the purpose of founding a settlement to be composed in the first instance of members of the Church of England; or at least of persons whose acceptance of the conditions set forth by the projectors of the plan might be taken as evidence of their good will towards that Church. With much that was Utopian and dreamy in this plan, there was yet enough of common sense to recommend

OBJECTS OF CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION.

it to the consideration of practical men. The idea, if it was ever seriously entertained, of attempting to exclude from the new settlement all whose profession of faith differed from their own, was abandoned by most of the colonists almost as soon as they had set foot on the shores of New Zealand.

They found the ground already occupied, though to a small extent, by Scotch and other settlers, who received them with great kindness; and they were content to fraternize with those excellent men, without inquiring too closely how far their religious opinions coincided. Still the plan, although ignored to this extent by most of those who had subscribed to it in England, was very far indeed from being a failure. By collecting together a body of colonists professing the same faith, the Association laid the foundation of a community, in which, at all events for the present, the difficulties generally attendant on the establishment of religious and educational institutions in new colonies would be very materially diminished. And this has been in reality the case, for although Wesleyan congregations were soon formed in Lyttelton and Christchurch, the whole educational system is still (with one exception) that of the Church of England; and in almost every place where a community of any magnitude is settled, plain buildings have been erected, or are in course of erection, for the celebration of divine service according to the ritual of that Church.

ADVANTAGES OF THE PLAN.

Again, with regard to endowments. Although most of the Canterbury settlers now smile at the magnificent programme of churches and college and bishop's residence, and so forth, which you have seen, I dare say, in the early numbers of the Canterbury Association's papers; still the great majority of them are thankful that the plan adopted by the Association has enabled them to start with an available fund sufficient even at present to qualify the acknowledged evils of the purely voluntary system, and steadily increasing every year. Another incidental advantage has been, that the ecclesiastical scheme of the Association has brought together a body of settlers second to none in intelligence, moral worth, and persevering industry; men who are proving every day that polished manners and literary attainments are no obstacle to their "going a-head" as surely as the roughest backwoodsman that ever handled an axe in the forests of the Far West.

Having obtained a charter of incorporation, and a sum of money as an advance, repayable out of the funds which would, as they supposed, be realized by the sale of lands at 3l. an acre, the Association commenced their operations in July, 1848, by sending out Captain Thomas as their agent and chief surveyor. In his first report this gentleman informs the Committee that he has selected as a site for the Canterbury settlement the plains adjacent to Banks's Penin-

LANDING OF THE FIRST COLONISTS.

sula, which some years before had been refused by Governor Hobson to the New Zealand Company. The advantages of this site are reported by Captain Thomas to be "a harbour of its own, instead of being dependent upon one appertaining to another settlement; an immense extent of land easily available for cultivation, and removed from danger of disturbance from natives; possessing an extent of outside grazing country unequalled in New Zealand, and being in every way available for being formed into a province with a separate legislature."

On the 16th of December, 1850, the first detachment of Canterbury colonists arrived in two ships, the "Charlotte Jane" and "Randolph," followed on the 17th by the "Sir George Seymour." These ships had left Plymouth 100 days before in the same order in which they arrived. On the 27th the barque "Cressy," which had sailed with the other three, anchored off Lyttelton. These were followed at short intervals by fourteen others, bringing 1650 passengers; thus making a total of 2600 emigrants sent out within the first year. In this manner a population of nearly 3000 souls (including carpenters and other mechanics from Van Diemen's Land and elsewhere) was established within a single twelvemonth; but so excellent were the arrangements made for their reception by Mr. Godley (who had succeeded Captain Thomas as agent of the Association), that very little

LANDING OF THE FIRST COLONISTS

inconvenience, and certainly no real suffering, was experienced by any of them. Still there were among them (as there always have been in such undertakings, and always will be) a few unquiet spirits, whose ill-considered and peevish reports (after a residence of a few weeks, or even a few days, in the colony) were productive of no little mischief. Their expectations had been unduly raised by the representations of interested persons in England, who poured into not unwilling ears the most exaggerated stories of the beauty of the scenery, the more than Italian brilliancy of the sky, the delicious mildness of the climate, and the ease with which fortunes were sure to be made. They landed, and found the vaunted Canterbury plains (as they appeared at that time of day) little better than a howling wilderness. 5 Their welcome was sung perhaps by the terrible south-west wind, with its driving rain or sleet; the rickety sheds (V huts they are called here from being in the form of an inverted V) in which they sought shelter admitted the rain, which plashed on their faces as they lay in bed; and worst of all, some of them soon discovered that those who came out with little or no capital, either in the

form of money, or of a pair of strong arms and a hopeful contented spirit, might be ruined in a colony even more rapidly than at home.

Forgetting in their irritation and disappointment how unfair and unreasonable it is to compare a new with an old country, they sat down and wrote to their friends at home, that they had found (what they ought to have been prepared to find) no small amount of discomfort, and daily and hourly trials of their patience. Unfortunately their letters, coming as they did from the opposite side of the globe, received, much like the report of the monkey that had seen the world, more attention at home than they deserved – "they had seen, and sure they ought to know." And so for a time the settlement had a bad character, and many were deterred from an undertaking which could only end, they were told, in bitter disappointment. We are in a condition to laugh at these absurdities now; but in the early days of a colony such statements produce consequences which the authors of them are often the first to deplore.

The first batch of colonists landed, as I have said, on the 16th of December, 1850, and were welcomed by Sir George and Lady Grey, who had come down from Wellington to receive them, and by Mr. Godley, the agent of the Canterbury Association. Arrangements had been made for their accommodation in several large buildings; so that every settler was sure

PUBLIC WORKS AT

of finding shelter until he could provide some sort of habitation for himself. On the 3rd of January, 1851, the Bishop of New Zealand arrived in his little schooner yacht, the "Undine," and was followed in February by the Rev. Thomas Jackson, Bishop designate of Lyttelton, on a visit to his future diocese, which he soon quitted, never to return. Considerable progress was now made in public works. A bridle path over the hill at the back of Lyttelton, 1100 feet high, served as a means of communication between the port and the plains for foot passengers and horses, the road being continued from the foot of the hills to the river Heathcote, where a horse-ferry was established in order to connect it with the high road leading to Christchurch, of which the portion from the ferry to the town was soon completed. At Christchurch a very neat wooden building was opened as a church and schoolroom; a land-office was also built, and two parsonages, one in the valley of the Heathcote, and the other (now used as a grammar school) at Christchurch. One of the emigration barracks was neatly fitted up as a school and church at Lyttelton. In the following year (1852) a bridge was built over the Avon at Christchurch, and a ferry established on the Waimakeriri (Courtenay). A considerable sum was also expended in opening up the country by the construction of roads in different directions. Lands now began to be enclosed, and large sums invested by

LYTTELTON, CHRISTCHURCH, &c.

the settlers in the purchase of sheep and cattle, brought principally from Australia and Van Diemen's Land. 700,000 acres of pasturage were rented from the Association within the Canterbury Block (i. e. between Double Corner and the Ashburton river), and application was made to the government for a still larger quantity outside the "block." During this year five more vessels were sent out by the Association, bringing 580 passengers, a number supposed to be just sufficient to supply the places of those who had been attracted to Australia by the fame of the newly-discovered gold diggings. For a time, however, the progress of the settlement, which had been rapid beyond all precedent, was checked by the steady efflux of able-bodied men; but at length the tide began to turn, slowly at first, and almost imperceptibly, but with an increasing force, which is bidding fair to place the colony in a better position than ever, as far as the supply of labour is concerned. It has been calculated that in the November of this year, the population of the whole district was 3400 Europeans, and 200 natives. 5000 acres of land were fenced in, of which 1200 were in cultivation. There were in the district about 50,000 sheep, 3000 head of cattle, and 300 horses. In the town of Lyttelton there were 170 houses, and 580 inhabitants; and in Christchurch 200 houses, and 600 inhabitants. In the year 1853 Canterbury was proclaimed (under the Consti-

SETTLEMENT FOUNDED AT KAIAPOI.

tution Act of 1852) one of the six provinces of New Zealand. Mr. James Edward Fitzgerald, one of the earliest settlers, was elected superintendent of the province, and also representative for the town of Lyttelton in the general assembly; and at the same time twelve representatives were returned to the provincial council, a number which has since been augmented to twenty-four. Early in this year a settlement was formed on the banks of the Waimakeriri and Cam, near the native village of Kaiapoi. A very neat church was also built at Papanui, chiefly through the exertions of Mr. W. G. Brittan. During this year six ships of about 3821 tons arrived at Lyttelton from England; fifteen ships of 5292 tons from Australia and Van Diemen's Land, and forty-eight vessels of 2343 tons from the other settlements of New Zealand, making a total of sixty-nine vessels and 11,456 tons. A weekly market was established at Christchurch, and a cattle-show held, at which prizes were awarded to the extent of 106l. 6

In May, 1854, Mr. Richard Harman sailed for England as emigration agent, charged by the provincial government with the duty of providing passages for persons, a portion of whose passage-money had been guaranteed by their friends or relations in the colony. In the same month 28,000 acres of waste land within

SLIGHT SHOCK OF EARTHQUAKE.

the province of Canterbury, but outside the "block," were purchased at ten shillings per acre (the price fixed by Sir George Grey for the whole of New Zealand, except the Canterbury and Otago blocks), by a gentleman named Moore, from Van Diemen's Land. Within the Canterbury block the price continued for the present to be 3l., the sum originally fixed by the association. During the second session of the provincial council, 10,000l. were voted for immigration, 2445l. for public works, and 1000l. for education. A grammar-school was opened at Lyttelton, and a commercial department added to the grammar-school at Christchurch. In their third session (October) the council voted 10,000l. (afterwards reduced to 6000l.) for the construction of a portion of the Sumner road, 2000l. for the erection of a council-chamber, and 1000l. for the promotion of local steam navigation. On the 1st of July some statistical information, collected by Mr. H. J. Porter, was published in the Government Gazette. 7 On the evening of the 23rd of January, 1855, a shock of earthquake, described by Mr. Hamilton, collector of customs at Lyttelton, as "a slight tremour," was felt throughout the province, but no damage whatever was done.

In March of this year intelligence was received by the Messrs. Rhodes that a thousand sheep had been

EXTENSIVE SHEEP ROBBERY.

driven off from their run at Timaru, by a highlander named M'Kenzie, who was tracked through a pass of the snowy mountains, and captured by their agent in the very act of herding the sheep. During the night suspicious cooeings 8 and whistlings were heard by the agent; and the next day M'Kenzie, taking advantage of the momentary absence of his captor, effected his escape, but was soon afterwards recaptured by Serjeant Seager of the police force, and lodged in Lyttelton gaol. At the next session of the supreme court he was tried on a charge of stealing a thousand sheep, the property of the Messrs. Rhodes, found guilty, and sentenced to five years' hard labour. On the 10th of May the convict, who was at work on the roads with several other prisoners, suddenly started off for the mountains, and on the following morning appeared at a station twenty-five miles distant, just as the men were sitting down to breakfast. Unfortunately for the fugitive, the house was full of visitors, many of whom at once recognized him. After giving him some breakfast, for the poor creature was by this time half dead with terror and exhaustion, they bound him on a dray, and sent him on towards Lyttelton, in custody of Mr. C. Russell and some of the workmen. They had scarcely proceeded half way when M'Kenzie

ACT OF INCORPORATION OBTAINED.

managed to free himself from the rope, and attempted to escape. Russell, after calling on him to stop, without any attention being paid to the summons, fired, and wounded him in the thigh and back. M'Kenzie hesitated for a moment, putting his hand to his thigh, but again started off at a great pace. One of Mr. Russell's men then mounted a dray-horse, ran M'Kenzie down, and having replaced him on the dray brought him on to Christchurch, where he was handed over to the police. Scarcely however had he been lodged in gaol, when he again effected his escape, but being heavily ironed was soon retaken, and brought back to his former quarters. On the 4th of May, the Grasmere, 455 tons, anchored off Lyttelton, having on board 107 steerage passengers, sent out by Mr. Harman, the Provincial Government's Emigration Agent in England. 9 In June of this year, an act of incorporation was obtained from the Provincial Council by the Warden and Fellows of Christ's College, Canterbury. The lands purchased by the Association for ecclesiastical and educational endowments, were also handed over to a board of Church Trustees, who soon afterwards transferred a fifth of these endowments to the College. Two very important ordinances were passed this session. By the first, the price of waste lands within the Province of Canterbury, includ-

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT ACCEPTS

ing the "block," was fixed at ten shillings per acre, an additional payment of thirty shillings being exacted, by way of rate for purely local purposes. 10 By this arrangement the General Government of New Zealand, and the Imperial Government (as representative of the late New Zealand Company), would be entitled to their share of ten shillings only, the remaining thirty shillings being wholly at the disposal of the Provincial Government. The same ordinance contained pasturage regulations, which seem on the whole to have been framed on tolerably equitable principles. By the second ordinance the Government of the Province of Canterbury accepts the liabilities and assets of the late Association. A few items of the debt (amounting altogether to about 2000l.) which had been originally disputed by the Government, were now admitted almost without discussion, the members of the Provincial Council seeming anxious to manifest by this graceful act of generosity their sense of the benefits conferred on the settlement by its disinterested founders. During the winter of this year arrangements were made by the Provincial Government for the completion of the Lyttelton and Christchurch road, portions of which were taken by contractors, who commenced their operations with great alacrity,

LIABILITIES OF LATE CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION.

and every prospect of a satisfactory termination. Steam communication between Canterbury and the other provinces of New Zealand was also placed on what promises to be a permanent footing. On the 17th of August arrived the "Caroline Agnes," with 180 passengers. The Provincial Council held another short session in October, when the waste lands and census bills, which had been disallowed by the governor, were carried through the house in an amended form, and an ordinance passed for the administration of the property handed over to the Provincial Government by the Canterbury Association. On the 23rd of October arrived the ship "Cashmere," with 146 passengers. In the beginning of November, the Bishop of New Zealand visited Canterbury in the missionary yacht, "Southern Cross," and held confirmations and public meetings at Lyttelton, Christchurch, and Akaroa, besides visiting Kaiapoi, Rangiora, and Pigeon Bay, and walking over from Akaroa to Okain's Bay, where a considerable number of sawyers and their families are settled. Towards the end of this year the long-vexed question of the best means of transit for heavy goods between the port and the plains was to a certain extent solved by a gentleman named Thacker, who commenced running a small steamer between the Heathcote Ferry Wharf and Lyttelton, with occasional trips to Kaiapoi and the Bays of the Peninsula. The road from the Ferry to Lyttelton (via Sumner) was

ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR BROWN AT LYTTELTON.

also completed as a bridle path, with a fair prospect of its being rendered available for drays within a year or two. Meanwhile those who dislike mountain-roads, may have the satisfaction of riding from Christchurch to Lyttelton without once dismounting. On the last day of the year, the Governor of New Zealand, Colonel Gore Brown, arrived at Lyttelton in the "Zingari" steam-packet, and visited several districts of the province.

5 The Canterbury plains, though by no means picturesque, nor ever likely to become so, are now dotted in every direction, for miles round Christchurch, with comfortable farmhouses, well-cultivated enclosures, and rickyards filled with the produce of last year's harvest; the whole exhibiting a scene of agricultural prosperity unrivalled, I believe, in New Zealand.

6 Lyttelton Almanack, 1854.

7 See Appendix.

8 A sort of shriek, distinctly audible at a great distance. It is uttered by bush-travellers in Australia and New Zealand, to indicate their whereabouts to one another.

9 See Appendix.

10 This bill was disallowed by the governor, on the obvious ground that the clause which imposes a rate of thirty shillings per acre was irreconcilable with the New Zealand Constitution Act.

LETTER II.

LETTER II.

CHARACTER OF COLONIAL SOCIETY. – RAPID RISE OF THE INDUSTRIOUS WORKING MAN. – WHAT SORT OF PERSONS OUGHT TO EMIGRATE. – ADVICE TO INTENDING SETTLERS. -HINTS FOR THE VOYAGE.

I SPOKE, you may remember, in my last letter, of the mischief done in the early days of the settlement by the reports of disappointed colonists, whose expectations had been unduly raised by the romantic stories told them in England. Restless spirits, who had never yet been contented any where, expected to find tranquillity in this new Arcadia, where their chief occupation would be to recline under the shadow of some overhanging rock, soothing their fleecy charge with the shepherd's pipe: remote from fogs, and taxation, and all the thousand nameless evils which had made their lives a burden to them at home.

Alas! the reality was soon found to be of a sterner type: –

"These are not scenes for pastoral dance at even.
For moonlight rovings in the fragrant glades;
Soft slumbers in the open eye of heaven.
And all the listless joy of summer shades."

CHARACTER OF COLONIAL SOCIETY.

Long wearisome rides and walks in search of truant sheep or cattle, bivouacs night after night on the damp cold ground, mutton, damper, and tea (and that colonial tea!) at breakfast, dinner, and supper, day after day, and week after week, and month after month; wanderings in trackless deserts, with a choice of passing the night on some bleak mountain side, or wading through an unexplored swamp; and after all this labour finding perhaps that his flock are infected, and that no small amount of money as well as toil must be expended before he can hope for any profit at all; – these are the real experiences of a settler's early days in a young pastoral colony.

"Multa tulit fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit."

Those who had been tenderly nurtured at home no doubt found it a rough life at first: but even then it was positive luxury compared with the musquito-devoured, rat-overrun, squalid, unwholesome existence of the Australian gold-digger, or the camp-life of our brave soldiers in the Crimea. At any rate, whatever it was, our young men, with very few exceptions, have struggled nobly through it, and are now, I rejoice to find, beginning to reap the fruits of their perseverance. With almost all our early settlers, indeed, the days of privation are well-nigh ended. The efflux of labour, consequent on the Australian gold mania, threw us back, it is true, for a year or two; but that

RAPID RISE OF THE WORKING MAN.

is all over now; and even the difficulty of procuring domestic servants has been, as far as I can make out, almost, if not altogether, removed by recent immigration.

And then there is a heartiness in the tone of colonial society very cheering to the new-comer, who is sure to find, unless he grossly misbehaves himself, the right hand of fellowship stretched out to him on every side. As far as the enjoyments of social life are concerned, the Canterbury colonist may fairly challenge a comparison with the inhabitants of most country neighbourhoods at home. Dinner parties, it is true, there are few or none; but the young have from time to time their pic-nics and balls, to which the sheep-farmers flock in crowds from their stations; and a better-conducted, more gentleman-like set of men one could hardly find, I am sure, in any part of the world. In Canterbury, as every where else, I believe, in New Zealand, the character and feelings of all classes are essentially British; and likely to remain so: for the days are gone by when loyal and well-affected colonists were goaded into defection by the short-sighted policy of the home government. There is an air of manly independence too in the working man, which, if less agreeable at first, wears better, I believe, in the long run, than the politeness, too often hypocritical, of the labourer in the agricultural districts at home. Only enter the dwelling of the rough-

RAPID RISE OF THE

est "old hand" among us, and you will meet with as much kindness, and if, from age or social position, you are entitled to it, as much genuine unbought respect, as you ever experienced in any country of Europe. There may be a sulky fellow now and then (as there might be at home) on whom civility and good nature are thrown away, but the general character of our colonists is the very reverse of disobliging or bearish. If the truth must be spoken, the least civil and least reasonable of our people are, generally speaking, the settlers of a month or two's standing, especially if they come from those parts of England where the labourer has been ground to the dust by low wages.

But even here there has been a marked improvement of late; for those who came out in the last two or three ships have, I am told (with a few discreditable exceptions), passed with unprecedented rapidity through the crisis of unreasonableness, false pride, and grumbling, which old settlers call "eating their tutu." 11 This happy change is attributable, I believe, in a great measure, to the fact that most of these persons are connexions of early settlers, who were able to explain to them, as soon as they landed, the real relative positions of the colonial capitalist and

INDUSTRIOUS WORKING MAN.

the colonial working man, each dependent on the other to a certain extent, but neither of them in a condition to oppress or deal unjustly with the other. They would point no doubt to themselves, as men, most of whom had risen into the rank of small capitalists, not by a sudden leap over the boundary fence which separates the poor man from the rich, but by steady, persevering industry; and would warn the new-comer against raising his expectations too high on the one hand, or being unreasonably disheartened on the other. Nothing can be pleasanter than watching the steps by which the steady, sober working man thus mounts into the position of a proprietor. As soon as may be after his arrival he either engages himself as shepherd, or bullock-driver, or hut-keeper at a station; or, if he prefers remaining near the towns, hires an acre or so of land, on which he builds a hut of sod or wattle and dab, makes an arrangement with a neighbour for ploughing the land, encloses it with a substantial post and rail or ditch and bank-fence, gets in his first crop when and how he can, and makes up his mind to go on steadily working for hire until he is in a condition to farm entirely on his own account. And here let me caution him not to be in too great a hurry to become independent. He may, it is true, obtain money on the security of his growing crops; but supposing an unfavourable season, which even in New Zealand will happen now and then, he is

RAPID RISE OF THE

at once thrown back into the condition of a labourer, burdened besides in all probability with a lease, of which he cannot easily get rid, and with liabilities which the deficient harvest prevents his meeting.

Let him, therefore, proceed gradually and cautiously. In the second year he may prudently hire a few acres more, and perhaps exchange his rude hut for a decent cottage. By and by he hires a team of bullocks, which he turns to profit by ploughing his neighbour's land as well as his own; then he buys a bullock or two, and perhaps a dray, and after a time purchases a foal or two, as the foundation of a future team, it may be of a future stud. All this may be done without running into debt, if he will be content to work as a labourer until he has saved enough to start him fairly as an independent farmer. Meanwhile himself, his wife, and children are well clothed and well fed; and if he feels as he ought to feel, he finds daily and hourly occasions for thankfulness to the "Giver of all good things." Whether a man starts as an agricultural labourer, a mechanic, a sawyer, or a shepherd, or bullock-driver, it comes in the end almost to the same thing. If he is steady and sober, and it pleases God to give him health and strength, his progress is more rapid than one of our labourers at home could easily be made to comprehend. But unfortunately all our people are not sober, and this is the great bane of colonial life. The shepherd will

INDUSTRIOUS WORKING MAN.

come down to town for a few days for a "spree," as he calls it, and remain guzzling until he is turned out of the public-house, because he has no more money to spend: the sawyer, whose gains are incredibly large, will waste them in gambling and drinking what the landlord is pleased to call champagne: even the agricultural labourer will now and then "put an enemy into his mouth to steal away his brains." But this sort of people are a minority (I would fain hope a very small minority) of our working population. Some even of them get on somehow or other; but only let wages fall, or sickness overtake them, and it is fearful to contemplate what their condition will be.

The most melancholy spectacle of all is to see among these "ne'er do weels," as one now and then does, men, who by birth and education ought to be gentlemen, not merely sunk to the condition of day-labourers, but even too enfeebled in body and mind, by a long course of intemperance, to be worth employing at any wages at all. One or two of these poor creatures have died, I am afraid, from actual privation, too helpless to work and too proud to make their distress known. If you are ever consulted on this subject, do, I beseech you, warn parents and guardians not to send out vicious or half-witted youths to the colony, in the hope of their "turning over a new leaf" out here. Now and then, where they have been placed in some steady farming, there are instances of

WHAT SORT OF PERSONS SHOULD EMIGRATE.

their doing well; but to let them loose with no better guide than their own judgment, is to put them, I am afraid, in a fair way of ruining both body and soul.

You ask me what sort of people ought to emigrate. I believe there are three classes who may do so advantageously – the capitalist in money; the capitalist whose capital consists of the thews and sinews of three or four strong, grown-up sons, able and willing to work for him; and the capitalist whose stock in trade is a pair of strong arms and a contented spirit. Any one of these will do well; but a colony is no place for a poor gentleman, unless he can at once make up his mind to work his way upwards like any other non-capitalist. If he will really and honestly do this, there seems no reason why he should not get on as well as another; but for a season he must forget that he is any thing more than a working man. I would advise him, therefore, to count the cost well before he thinks of emigration. With the capitalist, as I said before, the case is very different. Supposing his capital to be in money, he will do well, I think (if he is a single man), to let a good portion of it remain in the Colonial bank for a few months, until he can look about him and decide which of the settlements he will make his home, and in what manner he will lay out his capital. A man with a family cannot, of course, do this quite so easily; but even he should not be too hasty either in investing his capital or deciding in

ADVICE TO INTENDING SETTLERS.

what part of New Zealand he will pass his life. At very little cost, either of time or money, he may visit Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago, even if he cannot conveniently pass any time in the northern settlements; or, if he first lands at Auckland, he might in the same way make himself acquainted with that settlement, as well as New Plymouth and the Ahuriri (Hawk's Bay). They are no real friends who try to attract people to one settlement by disparaging the others. The truth is, each has its advantages as well as its peculiarities, and no one but the emigrant himself can decide (and he only after personal inspection) which of them will suit him best.

The question has often been asked, whether an emigrant ought to bring out the whole of his capital in cash, or expend a portion of it in merchandise. Now, unless he is a thorough man of business, I would not advise him to bring out goods, in the hope of "turning a penny" by the sale of them in the colony. Colonial markets are easily glutted, and goods which a year ago realized enormous profits may now be little better than a drug. But this does not, of course, apply to articles brought out for the colonist's own use; though even here he will do well to remember that every hundred pounds of his capital will bring him at the lowest ten pounds a year in the colony, and more than double that interest if judiciously employed in agriculture or sheep-farming. For those who can afford

ADVICE TO INTENDING SETTLERS.

to wait three or four years without any return for the capital invested, the purchase of waste land is often a profitable speculation. Rural land, which five years ago cost 3l., has, to my certain knowledge, been sold at 10l. per acre within the last twelvemonth, and that in a block of fifty acres. Small allotments would of course fetch a higher price.

Do not, however, let the prospect of any advantage induce you to part with any portion of your capital on the representations of others. Wait and judge for yourself; and then if you make a mistake, you will at least have the satisfaction of knowing that you have not acted precipitately. Now with regard to packing. If you have goods enough to fill a cart, I do not know that you can have any better packing-case; the only additional freightage will be the wheels and shafts, which will not be much. Your cart should be roomy, very strong, and made so as to be convertible into a bullock dray whenever required. Such an article would cost you 40l. out here, so you can easily calculate whether it would be worth while to buy one in England or not. Harness and saddlery you will get better and cheaper in England than here, but be sure that they are by the best makers and of the best quality. A low-priced saddle is utterly useless. With regard to clothing, provide yourself well and comfortably, but do not encumber yourself with fancy articles. The same rule you may apply to many other

ADVICE TO INTENDING SETTLERS.

things, such as carpenter's tools, cutlery, &c; only remember whatever you buy, to get an experienced friend to choose it for you, and on no account to buy a box of tools, or suffer an outfitter to supply you with saddlery, ironmongery, or cutlery. You will get each article best and cheapest from the tradesman who deals especially in that article. Strong gardening gloves (at about 10d. a pair) will be exceedingly useful both for ladies and gentlemen. In choosing your clothing be sure to remember that this is not a tropical climate, and that at some seasons of the year it is necessary to guard against violent winds and rains, though the thermometer in winter is much higher here than in the mildest parts of England. Instead of hay or straw, stuff all your packing-cases with blankets, or some other useful article, and be sure to line them with zinc, not with tin. The former will always sell out here for at least as much as it cost you; the latter is unsaleable. Be very careful to see that your zinc lining is well soldered. If you can afford it, one of Edgington's tents is sure to be serviceable. The best mode of bringing out your money is through the Union Bank of Australia. You would save a trifle, I believe, by bringing gold, but not enough to compensate for the trouble it will give you in landing, &c. With regard to the voyage you will find ample directions in the handbooks. It is almost invariably a safe one; but in the month of September

HINTS FOR THE VOYAGE.

the equinoctial gales are very boisterous in this hemisphere, particularly along the fortieth parallel of south latitude, which I have heard old sailors call "the roaring forties." Unless therefore you have some particular reason for doing otherwise, I would advise you not to run the risk of encountering them. I believe the high latitudes are much less subject to heavy gales of wind; and a quicker passage is also generally made by what is called "the great circle sailing;" but then, on the other hand, you have fogs and excessive cold to encounter, and unless your ship is well warmed with stoves, and the arrangements are altogether on a liberal scale, you will probably have but an uncomfortable time of it. Perhaps the best way of securing reasonable comforts is for the cuddy passengers to elect a committee for the purpose of enforcing strict attention on the part of the stewards, &c to the rules laid down by the owners of the ship, as well as of the government regulations. Some captains will make it their business and pleasure to see that their passengers are well treated, but this is not always the case; and if the cooks and stewards once suspect that neither captain nor passengers are inclined to call them to a very strict account, they will not in general be very scrupulous about defrauding the cuddy table. The committee should at once determine to show a bold front on the slightest appearance of aggression, from whatever quarter it

HINTS FOR THE VOYAGE.

may proceed, and then all will go well. The intermediate and steerage passengers will have less difficulty in protecting themselves, their rations being served out uncooked. Much has been written about the best mode of employing one's time on shipboard. A long voyage is a dull affair at the best, but its tedium may be in some measure beguiled by music, reading, chess, backgammon, &c. Netting would be a pleasant employment; and large nets would be useful here for many purposes, such, for instance, as keeping together the load on a pack-saddle, which often causes great annoyance to travellers by breaking adrift. When people of different tastes and dispositions are shut up together for nearly four months, there must necessarily be frequent and severe trials of patience. But there need be no quarrelling, if they would resolve to abstain from discussions on religious and political questions, to run up no hasty friendships, never to listen to the tittle-tattle of servants, steerage passengers, or tale-bearers of any description; and above all to bear steadily in mind the great Christian doctrine, that "we are every one members one of another," and in accordance with that precept would be ready on all occasions to extend to their fellow-passengers that indulgence of which they are sure some time or other to stand in need themselves.

11 The tutu (or toot, as it is generally pronounced) is a native shrub, the leaves of which may be eaten with safety by cattle gradually accustomed to its use, but are often fatal to newly-landed animals.

LETTER III.

LETTER III.

CLIMATE OF CANTERBURY. -MR. FOX'S ACCOUNT OF THE NEW ZEALAND CLIMATE GENERALLY. – FACILITIES FOR THE BREEDING OF SHEEP, CATTLE, AND HORSES. – GARDENING. -MR. CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

I REMEMBER once describing the climate of Canterbury as a mixture of the climates of the South of France and the Shetland Islands, the former greatly predominating. When the weather is fine I have never seen brighter skies, or basked in a more glorious sunshine, even in Italy or Portugal, but when a wet south-wester, or drizzling east or south-east wind does set in, I can hardly conceive any thing more dreary and comfortless, and to this we are liable at almost all seasons of the year, so that summer may be turned into winter in a few minutes. It is worthy, however, of remark, that south and south-west winds bring fine clear weather quite as often as rain, and easterly winds much oftener. Mr. Fox, who resided nine years in New Zealand, gives the following account: – "The climate of New Zealand is, for the purposes of

CLIMATE OF NEW ZEALAND.

health and production, probably about the finest in the world. It is milder and more sunshiny than England; it is not so hot as Italy or Australia. Whatever will grow in England will grow there. Many things flourish for which England is too cold, and the South of Europe too hot. Thus the grape ripens to perfection in the open air, which it will not do in England; and so does the gooseberry, which will not in Spain. The only respect in which it could be improved is the wind, not that it blows harder than in England, but it blows hard oftener. It wants the balminess of the Italian air. Its summer evenings are inferior to the English, when the English do get a fine one. But any one who rejoices in sunshine, and likes a clear elastic air, or who wishes for a climate in which all sorts of European produce flourish, and all sorts of live stock thrive to an amazing degree, will certainly be satisfied with it." 12 Perhaps of all our seasons the least agreeable in ordinary years is the spring. With a good deal of fine cheerful weather there is a variableness, and from time to time a coarseness, which almost makes one dread a return of winter. Even as late as the end of January the strong winds, and not unfrequently the heavy rains, render the season much less agreeable than a South of England spring; but from that time

CLIMATE OF NEW ZEALAND.

to the beginning or even middle of June, we may, as a general rule, reckon on an almost uninterrupted continuance of the most delightful weather. In other words, the most pleasant seasons are the latter part of the summer, the whole of the autumn, and the beginning of winter. An elderly friend of mine tells me that from the 1st of December, 1854, to the 1st of June, 1855, there was hardly a day on which he did not sit reading in his garden for many hours; but this is hardly the normal condition of our climate, at all events as far as the month of December is concerned. As a proof of the mildness of our winters I may mention, that very few of us house either cattle or horses. It is, however, very desirable to secure out-of-door shelter (either natural or artificial) against the south-westers, which sometimes try the strength of their constitutions pretty severely. On the plains the night frosts are sometimes sharp, but are almost invariably succeeded by a day of warm sunshine, without wind, the most enjoyable of all weathers. Thus our short winter passes by no means disagreeably on the whole, rainy days being relieved by almost an equal number of sunny ones, except during about a month (generally from about the middle of July to the middle of August), when wet and gloom predominate. You may, however, suppose that our winter season is not very formidable, when I tell you that in the very heart of last winter I rode more than a hun-

CLIMATE OF NEW ZEALAND.

dred miles, crossing the Hurunui and Waiau-ua rivers, and back again to Christchurch, without being once stopped for more than a few hours by the weather, In the immediate neighbourhood of the sea there is scarcely any frost. The vine is cultivated with great success at Akaroa, and would, I dare say, do equally well on the northern slope of the Port Cooper Hills, where the geranium, the gladiolus, the Cape ivy, and other delicate plants, flourish luxuriantly. Of the healthiness of our climate there can be but one opinion. Disease, unless produced by intemperance or accident, is all but unknown, except in the case of children, who are liable to the usual infantine complaints. There have been from time to time a few cases of low fever and influenza, but the former of these diseases seems to have been confined to the early days of the settlement. Rheumatism is said to be prevalent, but if it be so, it is in a very mild form, for I have never known a person who has been prevented by it from following his usual occupation for any length of time. As a pastoral country New Zealand. owes almost every thing to its climate. 13

The peculiar advantages (says Mr. Weld, one of our most intelligent and experienced sheep-farmers) which

FACILITIES FOR THE BREEDING

justify the claim to superiority are chiefly, though not entirely, referable to equability of climate. The climate of New Zealand, though one of the most variable within certain limits, is at the same time, perhaps, the most strictly temperate, both in summer and winter, of any in the world. As a natural consequence, the growth of grass is never sufficiently checked to affect seriously the condition of stock. The supply of the purest water is always unlimited. There are no prejudicial extremes of heat or cold, and it naturally results that the increase of a flock is more rapid than is usual in the neighbouring colonies, whilst the stock are at all times in high and thriving condition. With regard to sheep, this manifests itself not only by the early age at which they are fit for the butcher, but by the length and soundness of the fibre of the wool, and the consequent weight and quality of the fleece. In New South Wales 2 1/2 lbs. of wool is a high average yield for sheep. In New Zealand a well-bred merino flock, on a good run, will fully average 4 lbs. With regard to the quality of the staple, I have the authority of some of the first English brokers for speaking of it in the highest terms. As yet it has not fetched prices equal to those of the first class New South Wales wools, because, sheep-farming being yet in its infancy in New Zealand, the flocks are in most cases of a mixed description, and the sorting and "getting up" of the wools have not hitherto been sufficiently attended

OF SHEEP, CATTLE, AND HORSES.

to; year after year, however, our wools command a higher price as these causes of deterioration are removed. To the influence of climate may also be attributed, at all events indirectly, the great amount of immunity from disease, which is so remarkable in stock of all kinds in New Zealand. With the exception of scab, sheep appear to be exempt from all the ailments which so often entail ruin upon their owners in the neighbouring colonies. The comparative humidity of the climate renders this disease, however, a formidable enemy to the sheep-farmer; whilst the scarcity of labour, and various other causes incidental to a new country, often throw unforeseen obstacles in his way as he seeks to eradicate it. 14 Yet with proper management, though he may not at all times repose in the certainty of prevention, he may, at least, under ordinary circumstances, be confident of a speedy and effectual cure, – not inexpensive it is true, but still at a rate which would leave a fair profit upon the annual exportation. 15 The loss by death in New Zealand flocks from illness or disease is exceedingly trifling. Casualties make up the greater part of the returns of

FACILITIES FOR THE BREEDING

loss, and in some districts infested with runaway dogs, the sheep-farmer has sometimes to add six or seven per cent, of violent deaths to his loss of one or two per cent, from natural causes. This however, I am happy to say, applies only to a few unlucky districts. 16 I am pleased to find that Mr. Weld's views agree in every particular with my own, respecting the feasibility and advantages of horse-breeding in New Zealand, rather however as an adjunct than as the main speculation of the capitalist. Horses, as he truly says, will thrive on a sheep-station, and are little or no trouble there, disease among them being almost unknown. As far indeed as my own observation goes, they are liable to but one disease (if fairly treated), and that of neither a dangerous nor incurable character. The complaint to which I allude, is the painful and troublesome swelling of the ridges or bars, as they are called, of the palate, to which veterinary writers give the name of "lampas." In England the disease is most common among young horses, but here no age is exempt; and what is remarkable, the swelling often comes on when the animal's diet is exactly of the sort which one would suppose the most likely to cure any complaint of a scorbutic character. It is, however, easily relieved by scarifying the palate; but

OF SHEEP, CATTLE, AND HORSES.

if neglected the swelling will extend even beyond the edge of the teeth, and the horse will feed with pain, and consequently fall away in condition. The extravagant prices which horses have hitherto fetched in this province have made almost every body a breeder; a speculation which has been facilitated by the introduction from time to time of cargoes of mares and fillies from Australia, which may best be described in the words of the poet –

"Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura."

These are eagerly bought up – the good, by capitalists who understand something of horse-flesh, and are able and willing to pay a good price for a good article – the indifferent, by parties not less experienced perhaps, but of smaller means – the bad (and in your wildest dreams you can never figure to yourself how bad they are), by men who are delighted to find themselves masters of a real live quadruped, at what to them appears the trifling cost of 20l. or 25l. If nothing worse came of this than a few tumbles from the buck-jumping brute the affair would be (as the advertisements express it) "of no consequence except to the owner;" but unfortunately every one of these sporting characters is anxious "to breed from his mare," and the consequences of this I need not describe. In vain are well-bred stallions introduced into the colony from time to time, if the mares continue to

FACILITIES FOR THE BREEDING

be (as in a majority of instances I fear they are) the refuse of the Australian studs, thrown in probably for nothing, as make-weights, to complete a cargo.

Still there is no reason why horse-breeding on a better principle should not eventually succeed, though the wretched system which I have just described may diminish the profits of the more enlightened breeder at present. Probably every one of the men, who now glory in their "frampold jades," will be thoroughly ashamed of them after a little more experience in such matters, and will be only too happy to have opportunities of purchasing stock at prices which they will then be able to pay without inconvenience. What I would advise you, therefore, to do, would be to bring out two or three mares from England, or to procure them to order from Australia or Van Diemen's Land. (I should prefer the latter country, from which some excellent horses were brought to Canterbury in the early days of the settlement.) The bringing horses out from home is a very serious undertaking, on which nobody ought to venture who is either entirely ignorant of the business in which he is about to engage, or likely to miss the capital sunk for the present in the speculation. Supposing, however, a man to have a few hundreds of spare money, and to be really fond of horses, and anxious to improve the breed in his adopted country, I do not know that he can do better than purchase two or three mares and a stallion in England.

OF SHEEP, CATTLE, AND HORSES.

Of what sort they should be, he will have to learnt from those who are more competent than I am to give him advice. The stallion at all events should, I conclude, be thorough-bred, unless he prefers bringing out a Clydesdale or Suffolk Punch for the purpose of breeding draught-horses, which are in great demand here. Probably his best plan would be to state his wishes to some dealer of well-established reputation, obtaining, if possible, at the same time the assistance of a friend well acquainted with New Zealand, its capabilities and its wants. Before he does this, however, he will do well to ascertain the cost of passage, insurance, &c, all of which he will find, I am afraid, fearfully high. Still he will not perhaps have made a bad speculation (supposing always due caution to be exercised), and will be a real benefactor to the settlement. A certain number of horses will in any case be necessary at his station, and, as Mr. Weld justly remarks, "it is no extra expense to keep a few well-selected breeding mares, besides the work-horses. They run at large the whole year round, and their sleek coats and high condition bear another testimony to the superiority of our climate. But though every stock-master will take a pride in his little herd of horses, and will find them as profitable as they are interesting and ornamental, I should be inclined to think it speculative for a man to invest his whole capital in horse-breeding. Every thing points out

FACILITIES FOR CATTLE-BREEDING.

New Zealand as eminently adapted for that purpose; but if the demand for horses should fall far short of the supply, they cannot be boiled down like sheep, or salted like cattle, and consequently might become almost valueless at some future period, unless indeed the Indian market be found available as an outlet." Of cattle-breeding Mr. Weld says, "There is decidedly less risk in this than in sheep-breeding. The stock is less subject to disease, and requires far less care and expense. On the other hand, the profits are more uncertain; and, I am inclined to think (even when a system of salting down shall be established), will fall somewhat short of those of sheep-farming. I am not, however, sure but that for a small capitalist I should rather recommend cattle. I do not approve of mixed stations of sheep and cattle. They do not do well on the same ground, and one or other is generally neglected." Those who do not feel inclined to establish a cattle-station may easily make arrangements for the keep of a few head on some other person's run, either by allowing him a proportion of the increase, or by a payment of from 10s. to 12s. per annum for each head. 17 In either case he will find the sale, from time to time, of a few head a very convenient addition to his income; but, as far as I have seen, no description

GARDENING.

of stock is so uncertain with regard to prices; and I should be sorry to hear of your having ventured on cattle-breeding on any thing like an extensive scale, until you had been some time in New Zealand, and added your own experience to the advice of competent judges. The dairy-farms on the Peninsula and elsewhere are said to answer well; but a cheese-making establishment cannot well be managed by deputy, or, I should suppose, by any one whose wife is not an experienced dairy-woman.

With regard to gardening, you will find some very valuable information in the Canterbury and Wellington Almanacks, from the pen of Mr. W. Wilson, whose garden and nursery-grounds at Christchurch well deserve a visit. But neither here nor in agriculture will printed rules be of much use, I am afraid; for nine settlers out of ten will go blundering on in their own way, until they have found out by actual experience the best mode of cultivating their land. Perhaps, considering the variety of soil and even of climate in different localities, it could hardly be otherwise.

The following meteorological observations have been kindly communicated to me by Mr. Cass, Principal Government Surveyor at Christchurch: –

The finest months in the year are JANUARY, FEBRUARY, and MARCH.

The worst months are JULY and AUGUST.

The hottest months are DECEMBER and JANUARY.

CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

The coldest months are JUNE and JULY.

The greatest fall of rain known in one month of late years was during the month of April, 1853. This was very remarkable, as April is generally a fine dry month.

Snow fell on the plains on the following dates: –

Aug. 13, 1851.

Heavy fall, two inches deep; lay on the ground all day.

May 13, 1852.

A slight fall; rapidly disappeared.

Sept. 14, 1853.

Ditto. ditto.

July 31, 1854.

Ditto. ditto.

1855.

None.

Occasionally in the winter months snow lies for a day or two on the hills which separate Port Cooper from the plains.

In June, 1849, snow remained on the plains for three days, – an unusual occurrence.

Gales of wind occur now and then in summer from the north-west, and in winter from the south or southwest, accompanied by rain or sleet.

The prevalent winds are south-west in winter, east in summer and autumn, with occasional north-westerly gales.

A sudden fall in the barometer generally precedes a gale from the north-west, which gradually hauls round (generally in a few hours) to south-west, and blows hard, when the barometer rises. At its greatest height the gale generally breaks. In summer and winter

CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

rainy weather is generally preceded by westerly and north-westerly winds. 18

THERMOMETER IN THE SHADE, FACING WEST.

AVERAGE OF 1852-53-54, AT 9 A. M. AND 3 P. M.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April.

May.

June.

Maximum.

89

87

83

79

69

61

Minimum

52

52

52

45

37

32

Mean

70

69 1/2

67 1/2

62

53

46 1/2

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Maximum.

61

61

67

76

77

82

Minimum

31

33

39

44

46

51

Mean

46

47

53

60

61 1/2

66 1/2

The highest reading of the thermometer on record was on the 1st of February, 1854, at 3 P. M., when it stood at 91 deg.

The lowest on the 10th of June, 1852, when it stood at 27 deg.

BAROMETER.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April.

May.

June.

Maximum

30.18

30.09

30.31

30-50

30.33

30.43

Minimum

29.15

29.27

29.27

29.50

29.02

29.11

Mean.

29.66

29.79

29.79

30.00

29.67

29.77

CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

CASS'S METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL.

GENERAL REMARKS

Rain fell on 94 days; the remainder fine, but occasionally overcast and threatening. 29.65 deg. inches of rain fell during the year.

BAROMETER.

Maximum 30.50 deg., on 17th Sept. Wind light. Easterly, with light clouds, but fine.

Minimum 28.78 deg., on 15th May. Wind light, N. E., cloudy, heavy weather, but no rain either before or after.

THERMOMETER.

Maximum 85 deg. in the shade, on the afternoons of the 20th, 21st, and 22nd December. Light Easterly wind, fine clear weather.

Minimum 32 deg., on the forenoons of the 20th and 21st June. Wind Southerly, light and clear weather.

N. B. These observations apply only between the hours of 9 a. m. and 4 p. m.

12 Fox's "Six Colonies of New Zealand."

13 "The fact seems pretty well established, that to have fine wool you must have a fine climate. Those hardy flocks which can endure a Russian winter, yield a wool that is hardly worth exporting." – Oliphant's Russian Shores of the Black Sea.

14 In Canterbury a very stringent ordinance has been enacted for the prevention of scab. Opinions differ as to its justice, but, in the main, I believe it gives satisfaction to the sheep-farmer.

15 A strong infusion of tobacco seems the most certain cure, but it is terribly expensive. Arsenic, which costs almost nothing in comparison, has now and then been substituted for it. I do not know with what success.

16 "Hints to intending Sheep Farmers in New Zealand. By Frederick A. Weld, Esq. Second edition." Saunders and Stanford.

17 Sheep may be placed out in the same manner, on terms which vary from time to time, but which may easily be ascertained when you come to New Zealand.

18 Canterbury enjoys one great blessing in the total absence of dangerous thunderstorms. You now and then hear the distant thunder growling among the mountains, but I have never heard of any accident from lightning in any part of the province. It is also, like the rest of New Zealand, free from beasts of prey and venomous reptiles.

LETTER IV.

LETTER IV.

BOUNDARIES OF THE PROVINCE. – PROPOSED ROUTE FOR A TRAVELLER WHO ENTERS CANTERBURY FROM NELSON. – THE HURUNUI RIVER, MOTUNAN. -DOUBLE CORNER. -MASON'S PASS. -MOUNT GREY. -RIVER ASHLEY. – RANGIORA. – AGRICULTURAL LAND. – PROBABLE EXTENT OF THE PLAIN BETWEEN DOUBLE CORNER AND TIMARU. – RIVERS WAIMAKERIRI, SELWYN, RAKAIA, ASHBURTON, RANGITAKA, CUST, EYRE, CAM, PURAREKANUI, HALSWELL, AVON, AND HEATHCOTE. – NATIVE SETTLEMENT OF KAIPOI. – CHURCH. – FERRY. – PAPANUI CHURCH. – CHRISTCHURCH GARDENS. – RICCARTON. – ANECDOTE OF MR. DEANS. – CASHMERE. -MR. WILSON'S STUD. – AVONSIDE CHURCH. -HEATHCOTE FERRY. – BRIDLE PATH. -LYTTELTON. -PIGEON BAY. – AKAROA. - FRENCH FARM. -LAKE ELLESMERE. – RAPAKI. – LAKE COLERIDGE. – TALBOT FOREST. – THE COAL DISTRICTS. – CATTLE AND SHEEP RUNS. – ADVICE TO THE BUSH TRAVELLER.

THE province of Canterbury, as defined by the New Zealand Constitution Act of 1852, is bounded on the north by the Hurunui river, on the south by the Waitangi, and on the east and west by the South Pacific Ocean, extending from south lat. 43 deg. 10', to south lat. 44 deg. 53', and from east long. 167 deg. 23', to east long. 173 deg. 15', and containing, on a rough calcu-

THE HURUNUI RIVER.

lation, about 12,000,000 acres. 19 We will suppose that you have quitted your ship at Nelson, for the purpose of travelling overland to Canterbury, a journey which may easily be performed in a week. 20 Having forded the Hurunui, you will find yourself on a vast plain, or rather succession of plains, divided from each other by low spurs, and bounded on the west by the High Mountain range, which here recedes to a distance varying from ten to twenty miles from the coast, and on the east by a chain of limestone hills, which line the coast as far south as Double Corner. You may either travel along the coast by the way of Motunan and Double Corner (diverging a little from your route for the sake of visiting Stony-hurst, a picturesque station, belonging to Messrs. Clifford and Weld), crossing the Salt Water Creek; or take the less romantic, but equally interesting and less toilsome route by Mason's Pass and Mount Grey, where at Mrs. O'Connell's station, on the river Kowai, you will have an opportunity of seeing one of the best dairy-farms in the province. If you choose the latter, it will be worth while to make a little detour in order to visit Rangiora, where a settlement is rapidly springing up on the skirts of the bush. In either

DOUBLE CORNER.

case you will have to ford the Ashley, which, like the Hurunui, consists generally of a number of shallow streams, but after a continuance of wet weather becomes a formidable torrent. It is not, however, so much affected as the Hurunui by north-west winds, which bring down from the mountains in which it takes its rise a deluge of melted snow and rain water, completely filling its channels, and rendering it utterly unfordable. 21 The whole of the district from the Hurunui to Rangiora is admirable as a pastoral country, but is dependent for its supply of fuel on one or two insignificant bushes, some acres of Manuka scrub, and the drift-wood brought down by the rivers. From Double Corner, southwards, you have a dead level, broken only by insignificant sand-hills along a portion of the coast, and extending as far south as Timaru, a distance of about 130 miles in a straight line. Throughout the whole of the province, with the exception of the country between Stonyhurst and Double Corner, there seems to be a belt of good agricultural land along the seaboard, extending inland from two to eight miles on an average. The whole of this belt is of a swampy nature. There is also a belt of good land in places along the foot of the first range of mountains, and about 100,000 acres of excellent

RIVERS RAKAHIRE, WAIMAKERIRI, &c

swampy land in the vicinity of Talbot Forest. 22 The plain between Double Corner and Timaru is supposed to contain about three millions and a quarter of acres, watered by the rivers Ashley (Rakahire), Waimakeriri (Courtenay), Selwyn (Waikerikeri), Rakaia (Cholmondeley), Ashburton (Akateri), and Rangitaka (Alford). 23

All these rivers are liable to heavy floods, during which they are utterly unfordable, and at the same time (with the exception of the Waimakeriri) are so shallow as to render the use of a ferry-boat impracticable. At other times they may for the most part be easily forded, the only difficulty that ever arises being occasioned by the shifting of the river bed after one of these floods. Besides these rivers there are several smaller streams, such as the Waipara (a torrent when flooded, but insignificant at other times), the Kowai, the Cust, the Cam, the Purarekanui, the Halswell, the Avon, and the Heathcote. 24

SETTLEMENT OF KAIAPOI.

At the head of the river Cam (a tributary of the Waimakeriri) is the native settlement of Kaiapoi, near to which a considerable English community has recently established itself, attracted by the vicinity of the bush, and the facilities afforded for inland navigation by the Waimakeriri and Cam. A very pretty church has lately been erected on one of the sand-hills in this neighbourhood. The form is that of a V hut, the extremities of the rafters being left bare so as to form buttresses to the walls. This arrangement is admirably adapted to a windy climate, and would be very picturesque if the ends of the rafters, instead of being plain (which gives them the appearance of shores), were either carved or concealed by false buttresses. The interior of the church is plain, but in good ecclesiastical taste.

There is a very good hotel at the landing-place on the northernmost bank of the river. At the mouth of the Waimakeriri (as at Sumner) there is a bar of sand, but the navigation of the river is said to be easier than that of the Heathcote. Crossing the two arms of the Waimakeriri by well-appointed ferries, you have a tolerably good road to Christchurch,

CHRISTCHURCH.

through a rich plain, most of the road frontage of which has been taken up for agricultural purposes. Midway between the Waimakeriri and the town, where the road crosses the Purarekanui (a tributary of the Waimakeriri), a large quantity of land has been enclosed and cultivated by the Messrs. Bealey; and two miles and a half farther, at Papanui (where there still remain a few acres of bush) there is a neat church, and a rapidly increasing village; and thence to Christchurch each side of the road is occupied almost uninterruptedly by a succession of farms, on some of which are residences, which would not disgrace the neighbourhood of a large provincial town at home. Crossing the Avon by a wooden bridge, you enter the market-place of Christchurch, where there are several good stores, the post-office, the lock-up house, and an inn called the "Golden Fleece." The town itself presents a singular appearance. Occupying an area of no inconsiderable extent, it is yet in reality scarcely more than a large agricultural village, with a population of about 600 souls, but containing an unusual number of neat public buildings, such as the council-office, the land-office, the grammar-school, a church, which has been recently enlarged, the girls' school, the Wesleyan chapel, the freemasons' hall, &c There are also several very good private residences, and three excellent hotels. Notwithstanding the exposed situation of the town, with no natural shelter either from

RICCARTON.

wind or frost, the first settlers have contrived (by sowing gorse and quick, the Australian blue gum, the broom, and other hardy shrubs, and, as a temporary shelter, the mallow) to obtain a very tolerable protection for their fruit-trees and flowers. One garden (Mr. Barker's) has produced this year 200 fine peaches from standard trees, and another (Mr. F. Thompson's) some bunches of out-of-door grapes. Strawberries, currants, and gooseberries are beginning to be tolerably abundant. Most of the gardens are also well supplied with peas, beans, lettuces, brocoli, and other vegetables. West of Christchurch is Riccarton, a considerable village, near a bush, best known as having been the residence of the Messrs. Deans, whose names will always be gratefully cherished at Canterbury. Hundreds of anecdotes might be told of acts of genuine benevolence performed by these gentlemen, but one will be sufficient to show the simple kindness of their character. Some of the passengers, in a ship in which Mr. John Deans returned from his last trip to England, had begun on their arrival to talk loudly of the barrenness of the land, and more than one lengthened face showed that their eloquence was beginning to produce its natural effect. Among other absurdities some of these wiseacres contended that no fruit of any description could be ripened in Canterbury. Deans said Little at the time, but the next day, after the cuddy dinner, the steward placed on the

CASHMERE.

table an enormous bough, loaded with large and highly flavoured plums, which had been brought that morning from Riccarton. Like the spies who visited the land of Canaan, the good man had brought back to his desponding countrymen the best of proofs that from Dan to Beersheba the land was not all barren.

Both these excellent men are dead. One of them was lost in the barque "Maria," off Cape Terawiti (near Wellington Heads), in July, 1851; the other (John Deans) died of lingering consumption last year, leaving a young wife and one little boy. Not far from Mrs. Deans's house are Ilam, the residence of Mr. John Watts Russel, an early and very valuable colonist, and a very pretty house and garden, belonging to Archdeacon Mathias. South-west of the Riccarton Road is another, called the Lower Lincoln Road, extending about eight miles. From the Lincoln Road a good road on the left leads to Cashmere (at the foot of the Port Cooper Hills), where Mr. J. Cracroft Wilson has built a comfortable house. To this gentleman the colony is indebted for the importation of a noble Arabian horse (Wanderer) from India, and twelve well-bred brood mares from Australia. Mr. Wilson had also shipped several head of Indian deer, and about 1000 sheep; but the commander of the vessel in which he had taken a passage was a rogue, who did his best to starve passengers, crew, and cattle; the ship herself was old and scarcely sea-worthy, the

MR. WILSON'S STUD.

crew insubordinate, and the time of year unfavorable for the transport of live stock. After a disastrous voyage of many weeks from Australia, the ship at last anchored off Lyttelton, but the deer and most of the sheep had been thrown overboard. Mr. Wilson also brought several native servants from India. From Cashmere there is a good road to Hoon Hay Bush, constructed at the expense of Captain Harvey, whose praiseworthy attempt to supply the inhabitants of Christchurch with firewood at a reasonable price, has not yet, I am afraid, been as successful as it deserves to be. Returning towards Christchurch you pass several thriving farms, and having traversed the town, proceed along three miles and three quarters of very good road, which (with about a mile on the Lyttelton side) is all that has yet been made practicable for carriages on the proposed Sumner line from Christchurch to Lyttelton. The country on the left of this road is thickly studded with farms extending to the banks of the Avon, and many of them in a very high state of cultivation. There is a very pretty church in this district. 25 On the right of the road are several houses,

HEATHCOTE FERRY.

with a very respectable show of ricks attached to most of them. The two banks of the Heathcote are connected by a wooden bridge, affording means of communication between Christchurch and Lyttelton without crossing the Heathcote Ferry, but the road, or rather track, is only practicable for horses and foot-passengers. Considerably below this bridge, at the head of the navigation, two miles from Christchurch, is Christchurch Quay, where, until the establishment of a wharf at the Heathcote Ferry, all goods brought from Lyttelton by water were landed. It is, I believe, intended to build a church somewhere in this locality. A mile and three quarters from Christchurch Quay, the Heathcote, now a considerable tidal river, is crossed by a ferry, beyond which you have on the left the Sumner Road, or rather bridle path, and immediately before you, a carriage road of more than a mile, leading to the foot of the Lyttelton bridle path. A spring cart plies daily between Christchurch and this point. As you ascend the bridle path, Hamerten Crags are passed on the right hand, and on the left, Mount Pleasant, where Major Hornbrook, who resides near the summit, attends to a set of signal flags, by which the appearance of vessels in the offing is telegraphed to the surrounding country. The highest point of the bridle path (which foot-travellers may reach by a shorter cut at the expense of a little breath) is 1100 feet. Here the scene altogether changes.

LYTTELTON.

Instead of the fertile but somewhat monotonous plain, which you have just left, 26 you see almost beneath your feet the town of Lyttelton, with its neat houses and gardens, the lake-like sheet of water called Port Cooper, or Port Victoria, the group of lofty mountains indented with picturesque bays, which form the southern boundary of the harbour, and in the west the blue sea, beyond the isthmus. Except Wellington and Akaroa harbours, I know nothing in New Zealand more striking than this panorama. On Quail island is a farm-house, which forms a very conspicuous landmark to vessels sailing up the harbour. Lyttelton is regularly laid out in wide straight streets, three of which are completed. Several pretty villas occupy the broken ground behind the town. Here and there are paddocks laid down with artificial grasses, and surrounded with hedges of the beautiful native laurel (gnaio), which flourishes luxuriantly here and in the valley of the Heathcote, but is too delicate to stand the frosty nights on the plains. In the centre of the

LYTTELTON.

town is a large church of brick-noggin, intended to be the first instalment of a building, the size of which would have been ridiculously disproportionate to the probable amount of population. It is perhaps subject of congratulation that this flimsy and dangerously lofty building has been abandoned before the occurrence of any serious accident; but one cannot help regretting that the large sum of 1200l. , 27 or more, should have been so unprofitably expended. Divine service is now celebrated (as it was in the first days of the settlement) in one of the emigration barracks, which has been neatly fitted up for the purpose. Adjoining the group of emigration barracks (one of which has been turned into a very commodious town-hall, library, and reading-room, another into a grammar school, and others into boys', girls', and infant schools) is the Union Bank, formerly the residence of Mr. Godley, a picturesque building, with a neatly kept lawn and garden, surrounded by a noble hedge of gnaios. A little northward of this, on the same side of the road, are the post-office and gaol. There are

PIGEON BAY.

also in the town a hospital, a Wesleyan chapel, a Freemasons' hall, custom-house, &c &c

Crossing the harbour, you land on Banks's Peninsula, near the residence of Mr. Rhodes, a large stone house, probably the handsomest in New Zealand. Stout walkers may then climb the hill above Mr. Rhodes's, and descend on the other side to Port Levy, where there is a native paa and a few English settlers. Thence there is a beautiful but rough walk, chiefly through the bush, to Pigeon Bay, where the traveller will still find the "Scotch settlers of the right sort," mentioned by Bishop Selwyn in his Journal. 28 There is a schoolroom, on the other side of the bay, where Divine service is regularly performed on Sundays by Mr. Knowles, the catechist of the district, at whose house comfortable board and lodging may be obtained on reasonable terms. From Pigeon Bay, a pleasant walk of three hours through the bush (during which you repeatedly cross and recross the same small creek) 29 will bring you to the head of Akaroa Bay, whence you

AKAROA.

may either proceed by the ferry-boat to Akaroa, or continue your walk round the head of the bay. In following the latter course you will pass German Bay, where there is a pretty house and garden, formerly the residence of M. de Beligny, agent of the Nanto-Bordelaise Company. The houses of the French settlers, with their vineyards and gardens, form a prominent feature in the scenery of Akaroa. Poor Elliot Warburton used to say (speaking of Canada), that the English colonist is always a grumbler, the Frenchman always contented; and that the result of this national idiosyncracy is, that whilst the Frenchman remains stationary or drifts helplessly to leeward, the Englishman growling and labouring, labouring and growling, never rests until he has raised himself into a position of comfort and respectability.

All this you may see on a small scale at Akaroa. There are the handful of French settlers (for their numbers have been greatly diminished of late) living contentedly on their acre or two of vineyard or garden ground, scarcely richer, many of them, than when they landed in New Zealand fifteen years ago; whilst their English neighbours "buy and sell, and get gain," the farmers and storekeepers and publicans of the district. Akaroa is called "a Little paradise" by its inhabitants; and if the beauties of flood and forest, gardens and vineyards teeming with the most delicious fruits, and a climate equal, if not superior, to any in the province,

AKAROA.

are sufficient to establish a claim to that title, it can hardly be said that their praise is exaggerated. Unfortunately for Akaroa, the engineering difficulties, which stand in the way of opening a communication with the plains, render its noble harbour at present almost useless; but this state of things will not, in the opinion of many persons, last beyond the infancy of the settlement. A bridle path has been already commenced, which will lead to the agricultural districts by a more direct and less precipitous route than the present track; and this path will probably become a dray road, as soon as the province is in condition to borrow the large sum requisite for its construction. There is a small church at Akaroa, and a very good school, supported partly by the Government and partly by weekly payments from the children. The gardens of the Rev. W. Aylmer, Mr. Robinson, Mons. Beauriou, and others, are well worth a visit. You will be well and reasonably entertained at Bruce's hotel, unless you prefer private lodgings, which may sometimes be procured for a small party. The hotel has been recently enlarged, and is now one of the most conspicuous objects, as well as the prettiest, in the little town. There is a Maori paa on the south-east side of the bay; and on the opposite side, near the head of the bay, a small peninsula, where you still see remains of the intrenchments within which a considerable body of southern natives defended themselves bravely,

LAKE ELLESMERE.

but unsuccessfully, against Rauparaha. On the same side is a pretty cottage and clearing, called French Farm. I would advise you to cross the bay to this place, and thence to walk through a very picturesque country to Mr. Buchanan's station on the Little River; thence along the shores of Lake Forsyth to Mr. Rhodes's station, and then to Kaituna, having on your left Lake Ellesmere, a considerable sheet of water separated from the sea by a spit of sand, which is cut through once a year by the natives for the purpose of securing the eels with which the lake abounds. The swampy land between Lake Ellesmere and Christchurch is admirably adapted for agricultural purposes. 30 From Kaituna you proceed, to Mr. Gebbie's, a dairy-station, famous for producing the best Port Cooper cheese, of which large quantities are annually exported to Australia. The flat on which Mr. Gebbie's house stands, was originally intended as a site for the town of Christchurch, but was abandoned for the following reasons: – 1. Because it did not contain sufficient land, according to Captain Thomas's instructions from England; 2. because there is not sufficient depth of water for a port town; and, 3. because it is not sufficiently near the centre of what he considered a good agricultural district. The first of these reasons seems to have had the most weight with Captain Thomas. 31

RAPAKI.

From Mr. Gebbie's, a few hours' walking will bring you to Governor's Bay, where there are several settlers. Thence a rough but by no means unpicturesque track leads first to Rapaki, a native reserve in a very sheltered locality, where maize is cultivated with success; and then by Cass's Bay, Dampier's Bay, &c to Lyttelton.

I take it for granted that you will perform the whole of the expedition from Rhodes's Bay through the peninsula and back to Lyttelton on foot. A pony, it is said, exists, which may be trusted to carry ladies through the Port Levy and Pigeon Bay bushes; and there are traditions of horses having been dragged over the slippery shingle on the south-eastern shore of Lake Forsyth; but in either case it must be weary work. The whole of the peninsula is indented with bays, four of which, Port Levy, Pigeon Bay, Akaloa, and Okain's Bay, contain a considerable number of settlers, some of whom are sawyers, and the remainder occupiers of cattle and sheep runs. Okain's Bay, the principal sawyer settlement, may be easily reached overland from Akaroa (a road having been cut through the bush by the sawyers), and the others (Akaloa, Decanter Bay, Mcintosh's Bay, &c) by boat, either thence or from Pigeon Bay. Except the few acres which have been cleared from bush by the settlers, and which produce very abundant crops, especially potatoes, there is very little land in the peninsula

FOREST SCENERY.

available for agricultural purposes, but there are some good runs, 32 and the timber in the forests with which a great part of it is overspread is of excellent quality, and well situated for exportation.

A pleasant ride of five days will take you from Christchurch to Lake Coleridge and back again. At Mr. Phillips's station, where, as every where else, you will be sure of a kind and hospitable reception; the country is exceedingly picturesque, well worth the trouble of a visit, even if you should be disinclined to proceed onwards as far as the lake itself. Harewood Forest in the north, and Talbot Forest in the south, will also well repay you for any little inconvenience to which you may be exposed in visiting them. The latter is twenty-five miles from Timaru, with which it will probably at no very distant period be connected by a dray road. At each of these places (Talbot Forest and Timaru) the Government has reserved 6400 acres for a township. In the vicinity of Talbot Forest, Mr. Cass saw 100,000 acres of good agricultural land. The scenery of the forest itself is scarcely inferior to that of an English park, magnificent clumps of trees, alternating with patches of open ground, covered with luxuriant herbage. West of the Snowy Mountains a fine pastoral country was accidentally dis-

THE COAL DISTRICTS.

covered by Mr. Rhodes's agent, whilst in pursuit of the sheep-stealer Mackenzie.

You are no doubt aware that coal has been discovered in different parts of the province, but the difficulty and expense of transport has hitherto been an obstacle to its general use. The time however is not, I am convinced, far distant, when it will supersede wood as fuel every where, except in the immediate vicinity of the bush, or where drift wood is easily procurable. It has been calculated that one ton of coal is equal to three cords of fire-wood, even were cords what they profess to be, and what they once were; but the measure seems to have been steadily dwindling, until it scarcely amounts to two-thirds of the nominal quantity; and when to this are added the delay, and vexation, and disappointment to which the consumers of fire-wood are exposed, contractors failing, as most of them do, to fulfil their contracts, and thus leaving the unfortunate settler, in the very midst of winter perhaps, to the tender mercies of the retailer; not to mention the hours wasted in chopping the wood, which, being delivered in huge logs, must be split into manageable sizes with an American axe, and the risk of being left fireless in the very heart of the winter, for the supply at the stores is generally very limited, and none can be procured from the bush until the return of spring: taking all this into consideration, you will do wisely, I think, if

CATTLE AND SHEEP RUNS.

you settle on the plains, to lay in a stock either of New Zealand, 33 Newcastle (Australia), or even English coal, supposing the price to be within the limits of moderation. The most important of the coal districts, as far as they have yet been explored, seems to be in the Malvern Hills, where Mr. Cass thinks there is a site suited for a township, to be connected eventually with Christchurch by a tram-road, for which the country is admirably adapted.

In traversing the country, as I contemplate your doing, in different directions, you will, of course, have opportunities of becoming acquainted, with several of the cattle and sheep runs, of which there are 142, averaging 9650 acres each, within the block, and fifty-three, averaging 29,500 each, outside the block. At present there are 1,370,000 acres of pastoral country within the Canterbury block under licence, and in addition 40,000 or 50,000 acres not licensed, but applied for. The extent of land known and leased under licence outside the block is 1,310,300 acres, and in addition there are 250,000 acres gazetted. This is the whole of the country at present known. 34 On almost all these runs there are residences of some sort or

ADVICE TO THE BUSH TRAVELLER.

other, many of them very comfortable, with paddocks, &c. Whether, however, they are commodious or not, you may be certain at every one of them of a hearty welcome, such as one gets no where but in the colonies, or in some very remote corner of Europe. The best that the house affords is always set before the traveller; and if there is a bed unoccupied, it is prepared for your reception; or a shakedown, as it is called, is spread for you on a table or on the floor. If there is a paddock, your horse will be made welcome to it for the night; but even then it may not be amiss to use the tether rope (which you will as a matter of course always carry with you), as travellers are often inconvenienced by their horses straying, when turned out to feed in a strange country. It will be wise, too, to carry a blanket, or still better an opossum rug, as bed-clothes are not always procurable at the stations. In visiting the south you will have to "camp out" sometimes, that is, to bivouac in the open air; but with plenty of warm clothing, and travelling, as you will do, at a favourable season of the year, you need not apprehend any serious inconvenience. Take care, however, never to travel alone, if you can help it. A fall from your horse, or the straying of your animal from the camping place, or a hundred other little accidents, trifling enough when you have a companion, may very possibly cost the solitary traveller his life,

ADVICE TO THE BUSH TRAVELLER.

or, at all events, expose him to very serious inconvenience.

For riding, get a pair of long boots that reach above the knee. A pair of saddle-bags will contain all your "traps;" and a water-proof or pea-jacket, with a south-wester, will secure you against rain. Never think of crossing any of the rivers or swamps without a guide: the fords of some of the former are perpetually shifting, and even old hands are now and then puzzled to find the right place for crossing. 35

19 Evidence of Mr. Cass, chief surveyor, before the Provincial Council.

20 For an account of the two routes, see Messrs. Lee and Weld's Journals.

21 The north-west wind, which is dry and parching on the plains, is cold, and often wet, in the mountains.

22 Cass's Evidence.

23 It is worthy of remark, that only three of these rivers, the Selwyn, Ashley, and Ashburton, are ever called by their English names. Nothing, indeed, seems more hopeless than the attempt to alter names of long standing, whether European or native. The town of Petre, after a long and hopeless fight, is again made Wanganui by an ordinance of the Provincial Council of Wellington; and Port Albert and Port Victoria are still Port Levy and Port Cooper, every where but in Government proclamations and legal documents.

24 "The river Avon is navigable to the Bricks, near Christchurch; the Heathcote, as far as Mr. Wilson's bridge (for small craft); the river at Kaipoi, as far as Mr. Harrison's; the Halswell is navigable four or five miles from the Lake. None of the rivers to the south are navigable for a boat, being nearly all shingle, and closed at the mouth." – -Cass's Evidence.

25 I have chosen a view of this church for my frontispiece, as being the only really substantial ecclesiastical building in the province. It is built of cob, with quoins of brickwork, in alternate layers of dark and light coloured bricks. The architect (Mr. C. F. Fooks) has been very successful in making it, what it professes to be, a copy of one of our village churches at home. It will hold about 200 persons.

26 In clear weather the view northwards beyond the plains is very magnificent, comprehending Mount Grey, 3000 feet high. Double Corner, Motunan island, and, in the distance, the Kaikora range, at least eighty miles from Port Cooper. The northern peak of these mountains is 9300 feet in height. A belt of mountains, covered with snow in winter, is also visible at a distance of from thirty-six to forty miles, bounding the horizon from north-east to south-west. The Port Cooper hills and the sea complete the panorama.

27 In justice to a clever architect, I am bound to state that his plan for a church at Lyttelton was exceedingly beautiful. The mistake seems to have been, the building a portion of a romantically magnificent edifice, instead of a simple, but complete parish church. Under the most favourable circumstances, such an instalment must have become a ruin long before the colony was in condition to complete the work, unless the material employed had been of a very substantial and costly description.

28 "Feb. 15, 1844. – The wind being still contrary, I walked over (from Akaroa) to Pigeon Bay, where I found some Scotch settlers of the right sort, living in great comfort by their own exertions, making every thing for themselves, and, above all, keeping up their religious principles and usages, though far away from any ministerial assistance. The name of this family was Sinclair. I spent the evening with them, and conducted their family prayers." – Journal of the Bishop's Visitation Tour.

29 In the Australian colonies, as in America, brooks are called "creeks."

30 Cass's Evidence.

31 Ibid.

32 "I believe that the whole available pasturage of the peninsula is taken up." – Evidence of Mr. Brittan, Commissioner of Crown Lands, before the Provincial Council.

33 "I have seen coal in many places. Three or four in the Malvern Hills, in the gorge of the Rakaia, and in the Acheron (the best, I believe); two or three places I have heard of on Mr. Rhodes's run, and on the Waihau, far south. There is also coal near Motunau." – Cass's Evidence.

34 Evidence of the Commissioner of Crown Lands.

35 Do not forget to bring out a good pocket compass.

LETTER V.

LETTER V.

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN CANTERBURY. – COLLEGE AND SCHOOLS. – LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS. – THE CHRISTCHURCH CLUB. – NEWSPAPERS.

THE original plan of the Canterbury Association was to provide such an endowment as would at once place the Church of the new settlement in an independent position. With this view a third of the sum realized by land sales was placed at the disposal of an Ecclesiastical Committee, who were empowered to make such arrangements as they might, from time to time, consider desirable for the organization of an endowed Church in the colony. I need not tell you that this scheme was only partially successful. Instead of selling, as they anticipated, 100,000 acres of land, scarcely a third of that quantity was disposed of; consequently the emigration and miscellaneous funds, overburdened with liabilities, contracted too hastily perhaps in the earlier days of the Association, were compelled to borrow from the Ecclesiastical Fund, itself amounting, you must remember, like the other

THE CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION.

funds, to scarcely a third of the sum expected by the projectors of the scheme.

You may imagine that at this crisis there were not wanting enemies ready to make the most of our disappointment. To the charge of mismanagement and profusion, the Canterbury Association, like almost every other joint-stock company, must, I am afraid, plead guilty; but it was too bad to hold up a body of the most honourable men that ever lived to public execration, as a set of sacrilegious swindlers, at the very moment when they were drawing largely on their private means for the maintenance of the Association's ecclesiastical scheme. The consequence of these wholesale accusations was, that persons, who were neither unfriendly to the scheme nor personally inimical to its authors, began now to doubt whether the whole affair might not after all be "a mockery, a delusion, and a snare." So prevalent was this impression, especially as regarded the validity of a mortgage deed, by which the repayment of 10,000l., borrowed from the Bishopric Endowment Fund, was, as they had been told, secured, that no clergyman of reputation could be persuaded to accept the bishopric of Christchurch.

No such apprehension, as far as we know, was entertained either by the colonial office or by lawyers at home; but the mere possibility of their being thrown for support on the funds intended for the maintenance of the inferior clergy, was sufficient to deter high-

THE CANTERBURY ASSOCIATION.

minded men from a step which (supposing their suspicions to be well-founded) would have completed the ruin of those who had borne the burden and heat of the day.

In the colony itself matters were as bad almost as they could be. Three of the clergy, sick at heart and hopeless of any change for the better, accepted engagements at Melbourne, Taranaki, and Wellington; three more lived as well as they could on pittances insured to them for five years by the guarantee of private individuals at home; and the remainder, with a noble disinterestedness worthy of the days of primitive Christianity, remained at their posts, providing for the daily wants of themselves and families by the labour of their own hands. Meanwhile, however, the committee at home had sent out an agent, with full powers to treat with the Provincial Government for the transfer to that body of the Association's assets and liabilities. One of the stipulations made by this gentleman was, that the mortgage on the property of the Canterbury Association should be paid off, the Church Property Trustees consenting to receive in payment Government debentures, bearing interest at six per cent, per annum. This suggestion having been acceded to, the agent, Mr. Sewell, went on to propose that the trustees should purchase certain lands in the province, producing a net rental of nearly 700l. per annum, he undertaking, on the part

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

of his clients, to receive 10,000l. worth of Government debentures from the trustees in payment. To this no objection was made by the Church Property Trustees. The title to the lands was unquestionable; the rental exceeded by nearly 100l. the income guaranteed to the Bishop; and there was moreover a prospect of augmentation, which neither of the other modes of investment presented. The income of the general Ecclesiastical Fund (arising from lands which had been handed over to the Association by the Provincial Government, and by them to the Church Property Trustees) was at the same time calculated accurately, and found to be steadily increasing. Under these circumstances, it was determined (by the advice of the Bishop of New Zealand) to forward a memorial to the Crown, praying for the immediate appointment of a Bishop of Christchurch, the portion of the Endowment Fund set apart for the maintenance of the bishopric being secured in the most satisfactory manner.

At the same meeting it was resolved that it should be recommended to the Trustees to divide the province into ecclesiastical districts, in each of which a plan should be organized for the collection of voluntary subscriptions. The plan thus suggested was afterwards ratified by the clergy at their capitular meeting, it being arranged for the present that the sums raised in each parish should be handed over to the incumbent

IN CANTERBURY.

of that parish, who should receive from the general fund (in ordinary cases) an allowance proportionate to the sum subscribed by his parishioners. Collectors were appointed, who at once commenced an active canvass in each parish, with the most satisfactory results.

In a great majority of cases the subscribers guaranteed their subscriptions for periods varying from two to ten years, and in one instance a rent-charge of 20l. per annum was made over to the church. The following table will give you some idea of the working of this scheme. The rental and offertory are calculated on the proceeds of the year which has just expired (1855).

Net rental of Church lands, including Bishopric Endowment Fund... £1100
Third of offertory alms collected at the different churches....... 115 36

Voluntary contributions..... 1163

[Total] ...............£2378

Deducting from this the income of the Bishopric En-

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

dowment Fund (600l.), there remains 1663l. to be divided among the following clergymen in such proportions as may be agreed on, all contingent expenses connected with the celebration of public worship being defrayed out of the offertory fund.

ARCHDEACONRY OF AKAROA.
Archdeacon – Venerable Octavius Mathias, B. A.

PARISHES.

INCUMBENTS.

1. Christchurch with Middle Heathcote * 1

2. Riccarton.

Ven. Archdeacon Mathias, B. A.

Rev. Henry Jacobs, M. A.

3. Papanui *

Rev. Reginald R. Bradley.

4. Avonside *

Rev. Charles Mackie, M. A.

5. Lincoln Road, or Upper Heathcote

1 Rev. William W. Willock, M. A.

6. Christchurch Quay, or Lower Heathcote

Rev. James Wilson, M. A.

7. Sumner

8. Governor's Bay..

Rev. George Cotterill, B. A.

9. Lyttelton *

Rev. Benjamin W. Dudley, M. A.

10. Kaiapoi with Rangiora *

Rev. John Raven, M. A.

11. Akaroa with Piraki *

Rev. W. Aylmer, M. A.

12. Sheep Stations, North

Rev. W. W. Willock, M. A.

13. Sheep Stations, South 2

Vacant.

14. Native Villages.

Vacant.

15. Port Levy, Pigeon Bay, Okain's Bay, &c.

The Clergy of the Archdeaconry, who perform the duty according to a cycle.

1   All the parishes marked thus * have churches. In the others service is performed in temporary buildings.

2   The missions to the sheep-stations will, it is believed, be entirely supported by voluntary contributions.

IN CANTERBURY.

A good deal, you will see, has been effected in the way of providing regular spiritual superintendence for our population in the towns and villages; but there are two portions of the vineyard in which we have hitherto been able to do little for want of labourers, – I mean the sheep-stations in the southern part of the province, and the native villages. With regard to the former, the sheep-farmers would, I know, thankfully and very liberally contribute towards the support of a missionary among them; and for an unmarried man, well educated, of active habits, and zealous in the work, I can hardly conceive a more promising field of labour, especially if he were willing, as I conclude he would be, to make the instruction of the little ones of his flock a part of his plan. It is not the fault of the sheep-farmers, that they, their children, and servants, are living month after month without the public ordinances of religion. I believe most of them feel the trial very painfully, and would gladly "minister of their worldly things," if men could be found who would be willing to "minister unto them spiritual things."

You will see by the census returns that the members of the Church of England constitute a large majority of the inhabitants of this province; consequently the churches are exceedingly well attended, and the number of communicants is, I rejoice to find, unusually large. At the opening of the first session

CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CANTERBURY.

of the Provincial Council, on Tuesday, September 27, 1853, all the members (except two, regular communicants, who were unavoidably absent) received the Holy Communion. At Lyttelton and Christchurch are large Church of England cemeteries, securely fenced, and laid out with considerable taste. Land has also been reserved from the very commencement of the settlement for Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, as soon as either of those denominations shall require a separate burial-place.

From the earliest days of the colony there has always existed some sort of provision for the education of youth of both sexes; but hitherto the Government has found it impracticable to do more than distribute among the two leading religious bodies (Church of England and Wesleyan), the very moderate subsidy of 1000l., voted annually for educational purposes by the Provincial Council, leaving the deficiency to be supplied partly (in the case of the Church of England schools) out of the funds provided by the Canterbury Association, and partly by the weekly and quarterly payments of the children. Since the incorporation of the college, the Church of England educational establishment at Christchurch has been under the control of the sub-warden, the Government merely reserving to itself the right of inspection, as long as it is called on to make grants. The college was founded on the 21st of May, 1855, by the Church

CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CANTERBURY.

Property Trustees, to whom Mr. Sewell, the agent of the Canterbury Association, had a short time before handed over the whole of the fund set apart for ecclesiastical and educational purposes. 37 The deed of foundation provides that this establishment shall be henceforth known by the style and title of Christ's College, Canterbury; that its object shall be the propagation of the Christian religion, as it is now professed by the United Church of England and Ireland; and that it shall consist of a warden and fellows, not fewer than six, nor more than twenty-five in number. It was also settled that the bishop of the diocese should be ex officio warden of the college; but that if at any time he declined to act in that capacity, a warden should be elected by the fellows. The metropolitan bishop of the province was appointed visitor.

The college thus founded was incorporated by an ordinance of the Provincial Legislature passed in their fourth session (1855), and endowed with one-fifth part of the funds set apart by the Canterbury Association for ecclesiastical and educational purposes. It contains at present an upper or collegiate, and a lower or grammar school department. There are also a commercial boys' school, and girls' and infant schools, all of which are subject to the control of the sub-warden, though not, strictly speaking, parts of the

COLLEGE AND SCHOOLS

collegiate establishment. The schools at Lyttelton consist of an upper or classical, and a lower or commercial department, a girls' school, and an infant school, all of which are under the control of the head master of the grammar school. There are also Church of England Sunday schools at Christchurch, Lyttelton, and Akaroa; Wesleyan Sunday schools at Christchurch and Lyttelton; a Wesleyan day school at Christchurch, and Church of England day schools at Papanui, Akaroa, and Kaiapoi. Besides these there are private establishments at Christchurch, Lyttelton, Pigeon Bay, and Governor's Bay.

The officers and foundation members of the public educational establishments are as follows: –

CHRIST'S COLLEGE.
Visitor – The Metropolitan Bishop of the Province.
Warden – The Bishop of New Zealand.
Sub-Warden – The Rev. Henry Jacobs, M. A. 38

FELLOWS.

1. Ven. Archdeacon Mathias, B. A., Bursar.
2. Rev. W. W. Willock, M. A.
3. Rev. James Wilson, M. A., Professor of Modern History.
4. Rev. George Cotterill, B. A.
5. James Edward Fitzgerald, B. A.

IN CANTERBURY.

6. John Bealey, M. A.
7. Henry Barnes Gresson, B A., Steward.
8. Charles Robert Blakiston.
9. William J. W. Hamilton.

Head Master of the Grammar School 39 – The Sub Warden.
Assistant Master – Mr. Frederick Thompson.
Master of the Commercial School, Christchurch – Mr. Bilton.
Mistress of the Girls' School – Mrs. F. Thompson.
Mistress of the Infant School – Mrs. Harris.

NUMBER OF PUPILS ON THE BOOKS.

Collegiate Department...... 4
Grammar School........ 32
Commercial School....... 33
Girls' School......... 40
Infant School......... 22
Total.... 131

LYTTELTON SCHOOLS.

Head Master – Rev. George Cotterill, B. A.
Second Master – Pollard, B. A.
Master of the Commercial School – Mr. Mayow.
Mistress of the Girls' School – Mrs. Mayow.
Mistress of the Infant School –

COLONISTS' SOCIETY.

NUMBER OF PUPILS ON THE BOOKS.

Upper Department...
Commercial Department.
Girls' School.....
Infant School.....
Total...

The income of the College is at present as follows:

Rental of College Lands

£160

Soames Scholarship

175

Dudley Divinity Scholarship

10

Buller and Ray Scholarships

4

Watts-Russell Divinity Professorship 3

8

Professorship of Modern History

12

£369

3   The Professor delivers Divinity lectures in Lent.

The educational system of the upper department in the Christchurch grammar school is nearly the same as in our grammar schools at home, but at Lyttelton classical and commercial education are combined. In the collegiate department at Christchurch it is intended to prepare young men for holy orders, as well as for the general duties and pursuits of a colonial life.

Besides our educational establishments (using the term in the strict sense) we have at Lyttelton a Colonists' Society, which for the last four years has

NEWSPAPERS.

been actively and very successfully engaged in the diffusion of useful knowledge by means of lectures, evening classes, and an excellent circulating library. The Rev. W. Aldred, Wesleyan missionary, who has been resident many years in New Zealand, is indefatigable in giving instruction in the Maori language to a large class, comprising some of the most respectable inhabitants of Lyttelton, and two or three of the clergy. There is also a musical society under the direction of Mr. M'Cardell, which gives from time to time very agreeable concerts, and furnishes a very efficient choir for the parish church. At Christchurch there is an excellent book club, and at both places horticultural societies. A club has recently been established at Christchurch, where the members, who are for the most part sheep and cattle farmers from the country districts, may obtain board and lodging, instead of taking up their quarters at a hotel.

There are two newspapers published in the province, the Lyttelton Times (twice a week) and the Canterbury Standard, both of which are entirely free from the coarse and vituperative spirit which disgraces the colonial press in some parts of the world.

36 At a recent meeting of the archidiaconal chapter, it was resolved that the offertory alms, which are collected weekly at most of the churches, should be applied in the following manner: –
1. For the maintenance of the fabric, salaries of sextons, &c
2. For the poor.
3. For the clergy.

37 The board of trustees consists of the officiating clergy and two laymen from each parish.

38 Watts-Russell Professor of Divinity, formerly Michel Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford.

39 Boarders are taken by the head master.

LETTER VI.

LETTER VI.

SHEEP-FARMING. – "STARTING A STATION." – WASTE LAND REGULATIONS. – PASTURAGE. – AGRICULTURE.

THE enclosed letter from a very experienced hand will give you an excellent idea of the process usually called "starting a station."

"Double Corner Station, Oct. 9, 1855.

"My dear Sir, – You have asked me to give you some description of the process generally called 'starting a station.' I should always prefer, where possible, being on the run for a couple of months or so before the sheep, so as to have a good start in the way of improvement. I will, however, take the more usual case of bringing up the sheep at the very commencement, and suppose the party to consist of owner, shepherd, hut-keeper, bullock-driver, a couple of men for contract-work (splitters and fencers, if you have a tolerable bush, or good spadesmen, if you have not), a bullock-dray with team of six bullocks at least, one or two good saddle-horses, and a flock of 1000 or 1500

SHEEP-FARMING.

ewes. On your dray you have a goodly stock of tools and such like necessaries (get the advice of an old hand, if you have not experience yourself), and two or three months' stores. If you have not decided on the site of your home station on a previous visit to the run, the first step will be to ride well over it. Nearness of wood and water, accessibility, nearness to the place where your wool-shed must be, a central position, capability of shepherding from it two flocks, good garden soil, natural facilities for making paddocks, will be the principal points to attend to. Then pitch your tent, or run up a couple of grass warres, something bigger than dog-kennels. The next point will be to make a sheep-yard. If you have a bush that will allow of it, I should say make it of short stiff hurdles, with post and rail-catching pen: if not, then post and rail, wattle or sod-wall must be resorted to. Meantime your hut-keeper, or bullock-driver, in his spare time, may be commencing a garden, for you must make every man sign an agreement to make himself generally useful. By the way, in deciding the site of your home station, it is well worth while to undergo considerable inconvenience at first in order to obtain the best site at last. Temporary erections are very apt to become permanent: improvement after improvement is gradually added till a total removal becomes something so formidable that it is tacitly abandoned. Well, having got a safe sheep-yard, you are

SHEEP-FARMING.

fairly entitled to something better than a warre, say a two-roomed hut for yourself, a detached kitchen, and men's hut, and a large strong 'wata' or store raised on posts to keep your provisions safe from rats. These may go on together if you use cob, as only a foot or a foot and a half can be added to the walls at one time, to allow of its drying. But if the turf be good, sod-walls plastered with clay are the quickest, cheapest, and as good as any. Slabs plastered with clay, or thatch-work, are also used for walls. You must be extraordinarily lucky indeed in the way of bush, if you have any choice as to your roof, that will needs be thatched. As probably one of these huts must serve for your first year's wool-shed, with the help of a few hurdles in front, and a tarpaulin or a few boards to shear on, remember to make the doors wide enough to admit a wool-bale packed. If you have still time before shearing, put up next a small wool-shed, the commencement of a permanent one I should say, such a one as may be added to easily. In selecting its site have regard to a clear open space of clean grass, nearness to water and wood, and accessibility. If possible, use a hurdle-yard for shearing, and for shearing only; having your permanent drafting yard elsewhere, to avoid dust. If you get all this done the first year, you will have done extraordinarily well. You will find plenty to do the second and third years in making a large well-fenced garden, horse-paddock, ram-paddock,

STARTING A STATION.

if possible (looking out sharp for natural boundaries, such as sea, swamp, cliff, gully, or thick bush), oats or wheat-paddock, good permanent washing-place; in enlarging your yard and wool-shed, as it becomes necessary, and especially in making a dipping place with boilers, which, in spite of the heavy expense, I should recommend as an almost necessary insurance against scab. If the home station should not allow of shepherding two flocks from it, you will have also to form an out station for your young sheep by the third year at latest. Ponder well over this amount of work, and reckon its cost well before you launch into it.

"I will endeavour to give you some idea of the expense of the first start: but remember, that not till the third year at earliest, when you have wethers as well as wool for sale, can your station possibly pay its expenses: –

1000 ewes at 30s

£1500

Dray and bullock-team

230

Two saddle-horses

140

First year's stores and tools

300

Extra cash for expenses of first three years

700

25 rams at 5l

125

£2995

"I remain, yours truly,
"CHARLES HUNTER BROWN."

WASTE LAND REGULATIONS.

By an ordinance of the Provincial Council it is provided, that no rural lands shall be sold in sections containing less than twenty acres, and at a uniform price of forty shillings per acre. With regard to pasturage the same ordinance provides, that the extent of run allowed to each applicant shall be at the rate of 120 acres to every head of great cattle, and 20 acres to every head of sheep. 40 The fee to be paid for the licence shall be at the following rates. For every run containing less than 1000 acres, twenty shillings for every hundred acres; for every run containing 1000 acres and less than 5000 acres, two pence per acre for the first thousand, and one penny per acre for every acre in addition. For every run containing 5000 acres or upwards, one farthing per acre for the first and second year; one halfpenny per acre for the third and fourth year; three farthings per acre for the fifth and every subsequent year: provided that the first year shall be taken to be the time elapsing from the date of the original licence to the first day of May next following. If at any time during the first four years, after the issue of the first licence, the quantity of stock for the run shall be less than that originally required, or during the next three years less than

WASTE LAND REGULATIONS.

twice that amount, or during any subsequent period less than three times that amount, the waste lands board may declare the whole or a portion of such run to be forfeited. 41

In purchasing agricultural land, the great question to be considered will be not so much the actual price as the real value of the land. You may buy plenty of waste land of very good quality at the upset price of two pounds per acre; but when you come to inquire, you will be sure to find that the lowness of the price arises from its inaccessibility, difficulty of drainage, or some other cause equally obstructive to agricultural progress. I am by no means certain that fenced land ready to be laid down in artificial grasses,

PURCHASE OF LAND.

or to bear cereal crops, as you may think fit, may not be a cheaper purchase for you than waste land at any price, however low. At all events, take care to secure communication with a shipping port, and get the level of your proposed purchase taken by a competent surveyor; so that there may be no difficulty in obtaining proper drainage. If possible, you should try to have a bush on or near your section; but this is rarely practicable: nor is the inconvenience, great as it appears, and as it really is, of not being able easily to procure fire-wood, and timber for building and fencing, worth mentioning, in comparison of the advantage obtained by being able to cultivate your section at once without any of the heart-breaking work of clearing forest land. Read Mr. Moody's "Roughing it in the Bush," and you will, in some degree, be able to estimate the difference.

Having secured your land, your first business ought to be, to fence it. Until this is done, your life will be rendered miserable by unceasing contests with your neighbours' cattle, which can never be made to recognize the imaginary barriers prescribed by the law in districts where there are tracts of unfenced land belonging to different proprietors. The cattle trespass, you impound them, your neighbour is vexed and irritated; but you will be fortunate indeed if your crops are spared until the harvest, –

" – uno avulso, non deficit alter."

FENCING.

It is the old fable of the fox and musquitoes. You may relieve yourself of one swarm; but another and a fresher set of marauders will be sure to appear sooner or later.

There are two descriptions of fence – post and rail, and ditch and bank. Attempts have been made to introduce the invisible iron-wire fencing, but it has been found of very little use, except for dividing paddocks, &c, being too weak to serve as an external fence against wild cattle. Of the other two sorts, the ditch and bank is by far the best and most permanent. The height of the bank, and the width of the ditch should be each six feet; and the bank should be planted with gorse; or what is still better, though more expensive, with quicks. The gorse should be sown nearly, but not quite, on the top; the quicks planted in the second sod of the bank. In four years your quicks will grow to the height of six feet, and make a very effectual as well as permanent fence. The gorse grows faster, but it is not so permanent; is apt to become ragged and thin at the bottom, and has a tendency to spread too much. The post and rail fence is only adopted where the land will not admit of a ditch and bank; or in or near bush land, where the facility of obtaining wood renders it the cheapest method. During the first and second years of the settlement the cost of ditch and bank fencing was 14s. per chain of sixty-six feet, and that of post

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

and rail about the same. In common, however, with every other description of labour, the price has risen since that time; and for the last two or three years, such a fence as I have been describing, has cost 20s. per chain. Having fenced your land, the next subject for consideration will be the best mode of reclaiming it. Speaking familiarly, rather than scientifically, the soil in the agricultural districts of Canterbury may be divided into three sorts: – -1. Flax and grass land; 2. Tutu; 3. Fern. Of these the easiest to break up perhaps is the fern, but it is the poorest soil. The flax and grass is not much more difficult to reclaim, and is the best soil of the three. The tutu land will yield very good crops, but the reclaiming of it is expensive, though the cost is considerably reduced by the sale or use of the roots as fire-wood.

In the early days of the settlement it was considered necessary to hack up by hand all the tutu roots before putting in the plough, and this at an expense often of 10l. per acre. Lately, however, it has been found, that ploughs made very short, and drawn by eight good bullocks, will break up almost any tutu land. This may be done at an average cost of 5l. per acre. Flax and grass land only requires the roots of the flax to be first hoed up, at a cost of from 30s. to 40s. per acre; and then the ordinary plough, drawn by four oxen or two horses, will break it up easily. If done by contract this ploughing costs

WHEAT.

40s., and subsequent ploughings, 20s. per acre. A settler, however, to farm profitably, should, if possible, commence with his own teams. Fern land requires no previous labour (except burning off) to prepare it for the plough, which can be put into it at once, with a single team of horses or bullocks; but the fern roots are very difficult to eradicate thoroughly, and will come up again and again even after repeated ploughings. It is generally a poor sour soil, and bears indifferent crops of any thing. 42 To sum up what has been said, – 1. Fern lands are the easiest and cheapest to reclaim, but give (generally speaking) the least return; 2. Tutu soil is the most expensive to break up, but is excellent land, and yields good crops; 3. Flax and grass land is on the whole the best.

The best preparation for a wheat crop is a summer fallow. Break up in the spring, or as early in the summer as possible, and let it lie until April; then give it a cross ploughing. About the end of May (unless the soil is very wet, in which case it should be reserved for a spring crop) roll it and give it another ploughing, and sow on this ploughing two bushels of wheat per acre, your seed having been previously prepared with blue vitriol, to guard against smut. Then harrow in, and as soon as the plant well covers the

OATS.

ground, give it a second rolling with a heavy roller. On light soils it is advantageous to plough in the seed as it is sown; otherwise it is apt to be insufficiently covered by the harrow. If the soil is good, such as strong flax and grass, or tutu land, two or three successive crops of wheat may be taken from the same land; and as much as 50, 60, or even 70 bushels 43 per acre have been obtained. Many farmers commence with putting an oat crop into the ground as soon as it is broken up, for the sake of securing an immediate return. But taking into consideration the impossibility of eradicating oats where they have once been sown, the exhausting effect of a crop previous to the wheat crop, and the low price of oats, which will not, in all probability, fetch in future more than 4s. to 4s. 6d. per bushel; it will be found, I am sure, that allowing the land to lie fallow, will pay better than taking an oat crop from it previously to sowing your wheat. Land intended for oats should be kept by itself if possible: generally it is the crop which immediately precedes the laying down to grass. In well cultivated land the crops of oats here (especially the black Tartary) have been very large, as much as 80 and even 100 bushels per acre having been obtained.

BARLEY. – POTATOES.

According to the best English authorities, the soil would seem to be especially adapted for the cultivation of barley; but experience has not confirmed this opinion. As much as fifty bushels per acre have, it is said, been obtained in one or two instances, but the average may be taken at from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels per acre. The caterpillars are also formidable enemies to this crop: they bite off the ear at the neck, and in this way more than a third of the crop has sometimes been lost before it could be cut down. Add to this the little encouragement given to the barley-grower, the price being only from 4s. to 4s. 6d. per bushel, and you will not be surprised at hearing that the cultivation of this grain for the market has for the present ceased almost entirely. A little is grown for poultry and pigs; but for the latter, peas are now more generally cultivated, yielding, as they do, a return of from fifty to sixty bushels per acre. The potato crop succeeds here very well, and may be depended on with tolerable certainty, the climate being moist and well calculated to bring them to perfection. It is an excellent rotation crop before and after the wheat. The crop on good rich soils (to which it should be confined) averages from six to ten tons per acre. Much larger returns have been obtained: twenty tons or more per acre in one well-authenticated instance: 44 but this was on bush land,

ENGLISH GRASSES.

and altogether, as you may well suppose, an extraordinary case. If you take the average as I have stated it, and reckon on the receipt of 4l. to 5l. per ton in the neighbouring colonies, (which you may fairly do, I think, taking one year with another,) you will find that potatoes promise to be always a remunerating crop, and one of the staple exports of the settlement. Root crops generally grow very well here, and to a very large size: but Swedes exhaust the ground, and should not be sown on land intended for a grain crop the following year, unless the land be well manured after them. Turnip growing will not answer here, until it is found necessary to fold sheep on the ground to manure for a wheat crop: and this is a stage not likely to be reached by the colony for many years to come.

The cultivation of English grasses has not yet been tried very extensively, but where it has been attempted, it has answered very well. To this, indeed, the greater portion of the agricultural district must eventually come; for it is not probable, unless labour becomes more abundant than it is at present, that after a few years much corn will be grown beyond what is required for home consumption. 45 The great

PASTURAGE.

staple exports will no doubt be dairy produce (for which there will always be a market in Australia and India) and wool. Care should be taken not to exhaust the land too much before laying down to grass. The best pasture is obtained by sowing the seed in autumn, without any other crop, after preparing the soil for its reception by pulverizing it as finely as possible. After the first work of fencing in and breaking up has been gone through, the permanent labour of a man and a boy, with a good team, would be sufficient for a farm of fifty acres, including the management of a few cows, if there is a paddock on the land to keep them in: but at harvest time, and when you thresh out your corn, additional hands will of course be requisite. Consequently, your expenses will of necessity be very heavy. I can only, therefore, repeat my advice to you, to get the bulk of your land laid down to permanent grasses as soon as you can; for, with the exception of potatoes, it is very doubtful whether any sort of agricultural produce will long command an

FARM-BUILDINGS.

export sale at remunerating prices, unless where machinery is extensively employed on the farm. When once laid down, a farm of 100 to 200 acres might be well managed by the same amount of permanent labour as an agricultural farm of fifty acres (with the addition of a woman to attend to the dairy).

You ask me what sort of farm-buildings I would recommend. The best description is made of cob with a concrete foundation. In addition to the usual outbuildings of cattle-sheds, pig-styes, &c, every farm of fifty acres and upwards should have a good substantial barn, for the convenience of housing grain, threshing, &c. If it is intended to farm largely, and to compete with the reduced prices, which may be expected ere long, the farmer should avail himself of the use of machinery, wherever practicable: he should be provided with a reaping machine, threshing and winnowing machines, and every other attainable contrivance for economizing labour. If he grows potatoes in any quantity, they should be put into the ground and taken out by the double mould plough. Farming carried on in this way may, I believe, be made to pay for many years to come. With regard to your teams, bullocks are only required for the first breaking up of the land: for permanent use a team of horses will answer better in every respect. The very high prices which horses in this settlement have hitherto fetched (a good draught horse commanding from 80l. to 120l.)

RULES FOR SETTLERS.

have been an obstacle to their general use: but this will not last; and in a very few years the horse-team will no doubt have entirely superseded the slow, cumbrous, provoking bullock-team.

From all that has been said, you will, I hope, be able to collect the following rules for your guidance, if you ever become a colonial agriculturist.

1. Choose your land on account of its nearness to a town or seaport, capability of drainage, goodness of soil, &c, rather than mere lowness of price. It may be better worth your while to pay 20l. per acre than 2l.

2. Fence as soon as possible, if you wish to be on friendly terms with your neighbours. Ditch and bank fences are the best.

3. Sow gorse or plant quicks on your bank.

4. Never sow oats on land intended for a wheat crop: a summer fallow is better in every respect.

5. Plant potatoes (on good rich soils) either before or after wheat.

6. If you sow oats at all, let them be the last crop before laying down to grass.

7. Employ machinery as much as possible.

8. Substitute horses for bullocks as soon as you can.

9. Lay down the greater portion of your land in artificial grasses, as opportunity serves. You will then be almost sure of a remunerative price for your

RULES FOR SETTLERS.

produce, and will be in a great measure independent of the labour market.

10. Construct your farm-buildings of cob, if procurable.

40 On the natural grass each sheep requires from three to four acres. Artificial grasses would probably carry from three to five sheep to the acre. The expense of shepherding would also be greatly diminished by the land being fenced.

41 LICENCE TO DEPASTURE STOCK.

Province of Canterbury.
Whereas ...... of ...... hath been duly declared to be entitled to a licence to depasture stock upon the waste lands of the Crown within the province of Canterbury, upon the terms and upon the conditions hereinafter mentioned; Now therefore. We, in pursuance of the powers vested in us as Commissioners of the Waste Lands Board for the said province, do hereby grant to the said ...... the exclusive licence, from and after the date hereof, until the first day of May next, to depasture stock upon the land situate and bounded as hereinafter described, that is to say, ...... and containing ...... acres, or thereabouts. Subject, nevertheless, to all the provisions and conditions contained in the waste lands regulations now in force within the province of Canterbury.

Given under our hands, at the sitting of the Waste Lands Board held at on the day of 185.

A. B.
C. D.
E. F.

42 This applies to soils where the fern crop is low and stunted; but where it is tall and luxuriant we may conclude that the land will turn out fairly productive, when brought under cultivation.

43 Seventy bushels of wheat were grown by Mr. Brittan on an acre of carefully prepared land; but this, of course, must be taken as an exceptional case. Six quarters (forty-eight bushels) per acre would be a good crop in most districts of the province.

44 Mr. Ebenezer Hay, of Pigeon Bay.

45 Hitherto the prices of produce and of labour have borne something like a fair proportion to each other; but the time has come when some reduction must be made in the latter, or a good deal of land will be thrown out of cultivation. During the first two years of the settlement the average price of unskilled labour was 5s. per day, without rations or board; and, including the latter, 40l. or 50l. per annum. Since that time wages have risen immensely. A good labourer can now earn from 8s. to 10s., and, during harvest, from 15s. to 1l. a day. The prices of produce have not varied very much. Wheat has averaged 10s. and 10s. 6d. per bushel, potatoes from 6l. to 8l. per ton, and barley from 5s. to 7s. 6d. per bushel. Oats have varied the most. In 1853 they sold at 10s. and even 12s. a bushel; now they are not worth more than 4s. or 4s. 6d.

APPENDIX. Journey from Nelson to the Port Cooper Plains. By E. J. Lee.

APPENDIX.

A.

Journey from Nelson to the Port Cooper Plains.

BY E. J. LEE.

MONDAY, Dec 22nd, 1851. Started from Bedborough's run about half-past eight, and, after passing over Mouat's flat, which is very stony, got safely to Tinline's run. Reached Todd's warre about six o'clock, and determined to camp for the night. I was agreeably surprised to find the difficulties of this part of my road so much less than I had been given to expect. A very tolerable bridle path may easily be made, but a dray road would scarcely, I think, be possible.

Dec. 23rd. Started at five o'clock, hoping to avoid the sandflies, which were in clouds and most voracious: they were up before me, however, and glad enough I was to start from their neighbourhood. The road, after rising the hills, was very rough, but gradually improved; and after an hour and a half's travelling I made Bolton's warre, where I had a capital breakfast of damper and mutton. Bolton set me on

OVERLAND JOURNEYS

my route as far as the Hodder, and I got on very well until I crossed the river below the junction of the Grey, when, trying to ascend the opposite bank, my mare lost her footing and rolled headlong down, taking two turns before she got to her feet. I thought it was all over with her, but was glad to escape a more serious accident at the expense of my cooking utensils, which were more or less smashed; the mare was fortunately not hurt. The country has to-day been most beautiful for sheep-feeding: I could not have conceived any thing finer.

Dec 24th. Started at a little after five o'clock, and made my way over a range of hills into Castle Creek, where I breakfasted. Went on until I reached the gorge, where the hills again drew in very close, and there, finding my mare tired, I determined to camp and give her rest, although it was only three o'clock. Weather, after having been very fine this morning, is now cloudy and threatens rain. The country, although not so fine as it was yesterday, is still very good, though there appears more tuft grass now. The hills have been far less precipitous on the right hand bank of the river, where they all branch off from the main ridge (Maungatare).

Dec 25th. Christmas Day. Little do those at home imagine that I am in the wilderness, while they are gathering together and merry-making. This morning being very cloudy, and a heavy fog hiding every object

FROM NELSON TO CHRISTCHURCH.

from sight, I lay still until about nine o'clock, when the sun appearing soon dispelled the mists, and lightened up every feature with a glorious blaze. I wished myself all the good wishes of the season, and addressed myself once more to the road. The country evidently showed that I was now a good height above the sea; but, to my surprise, the grasses in every sheltered nook were as fine and luxuriant as they are lower down. This is particularly the case in the valley leading to the pass which I entered about twelve, and found the ascent comparatively easy. I reached the Barefell Pass a little before one o'clock, and gave my mare a feed there for an hour to enable her to face the descent. The southern side is very precipitous, and is full besides of soft boggy places, which are both dangerous and disagreeable. I effected the descent in safety; and am now camped eight miles down the Guidesdale, a very pretty and fertile little valley. Tomorrow I hope to cross the Clarence, and then my troubles will begin.

Dec 26th. I have all this day followed (as I believe) the stream which Weld calls the Guide, running south, and said by him to fall into the Waiau-toa (Clarence). He seemed, however, to estimate the length of the valley at about eight or nine miles, while I have gone at least double that distance, and the Clarence seems as far off as ever. The country through which I have passed has been most savage,

one mass of Spaniards and spear grass, so much so, that I have been obliged to travel very slowly, while I have repeatedly crossed and re-crossed the stream, by whose side I have been journeying. The day has been fine after a misty morning, but to-night the clouds are gathering thickly.

Dec 28th. I am this evening camped on the banks of a small stream, which, I presume, empties itself into the Waiau. I crossed it above the confluence of the Guide without any difficulty, and following it down about four miles, I came to an opening in the hills. I was all day yesterday endeavouring to find the easiest road to the Wairau plains, which I had the pleasure of seeing at length from the top of the highest hill I could select, and the magnificent view from this elevated spot amply repaid me for my toil in attaining it. Below me, at a great distance, lay the plains, with the river winding through them for miles; to the west were other large plains apparently; and to the east stretched out long lines of hills, with the deep blue sea as a background. To the far south-east, I made out what I believed to be Banks's Peninsula. As far as the eye could reach, all the lower ranges east and west are covered with wood. I camped for the night in a heavy shower of rain, near the spot from which I started in the morning. At six o'clock I was awakened by the sun blazing away, and foretelling a very hot day, a promise which it has kept to the letter.

A rougher road than that which I travelled this day it has never been my fortune to travel. Thank God! neither my mare nor myself have thus far met with any accident. How she kept her feet at some of the points in the road is a mystery to me. This evening (Dec. 29th) I am writing in what appears to me a beautiful position for a station just above the plains: plenty of wood and water about it. Should I find tomorrow that the road to Port Cooper is as good as it seems to be, my search for a run will soon be brought to an end. The position of the spot is all I can desire; and the hill seems admirably adapted for sheep, being dry and stony, with plenty of anise and other herbs. I left my camp this morning about five o'clock, and mounted the opposite hill. Whether it were from my mare having eaten a scanty breakfast, and being consequently emptier than usual, or from some other cause, I know not, but the load shifted suddenly backwards, and before I could make a move to save her she overbalanced herself, and rolled over and over some fifteen or twenty feet, being brought up at that distance by coming against a tree. Had she not fortunately come to this stop, I must have lost her, for nothing could have saved her from falling down to the very bottom of the cliff, 200 or 300 feet. I managed to get the load off her, and a broken girth or two seems to be the amount of injury. I am truly glad that this rough

country is passed, though every step that one takes is made in fear and trembling.

Dec 30th. I broke camp at half-past six, and although I have been walking fast all day, I have not got out of the Waiaua plains. I calculate that, allowing for deviations from the straight line, my distance to-day has been thirty miles, as I have been nine hours hard at it, so that the plains must be of considerable extent. The grasses appear good; where the fire has passed over the country, the tussock grass has nearly disappeared. The north side of the river has wonderfully taken my fancy; the feed appears to be of good quality, and the surface of the ground being stony, sheep would thrive there admirably. The river is large, stony, and when full must be very dangerous; even now one of the ten branches into which it was divided, took my mare up to her belly. Of course, when the fords are better known, much of the danger will be removed. The south side of the stream is apparently far wetter than the other; several nasty rank swamps intersecting the ground, besides other smaller ones, which must be very soft in the wet season. The winds, I presume, must be very heavy here, for in very few instances do any of the trees exceed six or eight feet, though their trunks indicate a great age. The natural beauties of this spot are great; and the manuka dotted about in clumps over a

gentle rising ground, with the river, backed up by high hills, give the whole scene a park-like appearance. Weather very sombre and threatening.

Dec 31st. I left camp this morning at seven o'clock, and still travelled for some time through the dwarf manuka, which I should think must be reckoned by its thousands instead of hundred of acres. My course yesterday was rather to the westward of south, but this morning I had gone quite far enough to the westward, and after crossing a large and rapid stream, perhaps a tributary of the Waiau, I have borne away all day to the eastward of south. My route has lain over beautiful low hills, full of the most luxuriant herbage, and amidst rocks of lime-stone or marble, in the most fantastic shapes it is possible to conceive, jutting out from every hillock. I am encamped in sight of another plain, apparently not of large extent, and I am at a loss to know whether it is the Hurunui or not.

Jan. 1, 1852. About noon, I came in sight of what I conceived to be the Port Cooper Plains; I walked on as merry as a cricket, thinking I should fetch Christchurch this evening; but alas! man proposes, but God disposes! by taking an unlucky tack down towards the sea I got out of my reckoning, and was obliged to retrace my steps; and for hours I have been floundering about to recover my position on the hills, frequently in the extreme peril of bogging my mare.

Truly thankful I was to find myself and her once again safe on solid ground. I must make another attempt to-morrow, when I hope I may be more successful.

Jan. 2nd. I am writing this under the roof of Mr. Boys, a settler upon the Port Cooper Plains. I left camp this morning about four o'clock, and after stopping in a gully for breakfast and a wash, I walked on, and from the next rise I saw, backed up by a large wood across a river, two dwellings: one that I am now in, the other belonging to Mr. Torlesse. I reached here about eleven, and determined to remain the rest of the day. To-morrow a ride of twenty-seven miles will, I hope, bring me to Christchurch. 46

46 "Mr. A. Clifford has succeeded in driving over about 1500 ewes from the Wairau district, only losing one on the road. Two other parties of 'overlanders' are reported to be close at his heels, one of which is headed by Mr. E. J. Lee, who lately made so successful a journey through the mountains." – Lyttelton Times of March 27, 1852.

"Intelligence was received on Saturday of the safe arrival of Messrs. E. J. Lee and Edward Jollie, at Mr. Lee's run in the Waiau-ua Plains, with 1800 sheep from Nelson. They performed the whole journey (from Nelson to the Wairau Plain, and then by the same route which Mr. Lee pursued in his former journey) in two months, with a loss of only three per cent., and with the assistance of only two men. Mr. A. Clifford drove his flock from Cape Campbell along the coast, until he had passed the Kaikora Mountains." – Ibid., April 10, 1852.

Report of an Expedition with a view to the Discovery of a Direct Line of Route between Nelson and Canterbury.

Report of an Expedition with a view to the Discovery of a Direct Line of Route between Nelson and Canterbury.

TO THE PROVINCIAL SECRETARY, PROVINCE OF NELSON.

Sir, – I have the honour to forward, for the information of his Honour the Superintendent, the following report of an expedition into the interior of this island, projected by the Provincial Government of Nelson, with a view to the discovery of a direct line of route between Nelson and Canterbury.

I am fortunately in a position to report that I have succeeded in attaining that object by the discovery of a route (or I might more correctly say, of two routes), presenting few and inconsiderable natural impediments, avoiding the Fairfield Downs and Barefell Pass, diminishing the distance to be travelled by about 130 miles, and which in fact would, after a slight outlay on the part of Government, place the fine grass country of the Acheron and Clarence at a distance of from two to three days, that of Waiau-ua and Hurunui at from four to five, and Christchurch itself at about six days from Nelson.

The whole route, either by the Acheron or the Clarence, affords abundance of excellent feed for cattle, sheep, or horses; is generally speaking level, and

OVERLAND JOURNEYS

crosses the Wairau, the Acheron, and the Clarence so near their sources as to render the fording of those rivers a matter of comparatively little moment, under ordinary circumstances and with ordinary precautions.

I may, moreover, be permitted to state, that although unquestionably a work of expense and magnitude, no insurmountable barrier exists to the ultimate formation of a dray road from Nelson to Canterbury, which would be practicable in most seasons of the year. The greatest difficulties would be found in the hill about the upper Motueka Valley, at the head of Blind Bay, in the descent from "Jollie's Pass," and in the Leslie hills on the Waiau-ua (the latter might possibly be avoided). No doubt travelling would be occasionally interrupted by snow and (especially in the southern part of the route) by floods. Judging by the nature of the vegetation and from the fall of the rivers, I imagine that the level of the most elevated valleys cannot be less than from 2000 to 2500 feet above the sea; but it must be borne in mind that the route between Nelson and "Jollie's Pass" surmounts no mountain ranges of any consequence, as will appear when I enter into details.

I will now proceed to lay before you a somewhat more detailed account of my expedition, and of the country which I have traversed.

In undertaking the expedition I was aware that the

FROM NELSON TO CHRISTCHURCH.

late season of the year might possibly endanger its success. I consequently lost no time in proceeding to Flaxbourne, and after making the necessary preparations I commenced my journey without delay. Knowing that between the "Top House" on the Wairau Valley and the Clarence and Acheron country there was some forest to be traversed, and a formidable mountain barrier to be penetrated or surmounted, I decided upon performing that part of my journey upon foot, with a single companion, whilst, as far as possible to guard against the contingencies of snows or floods, and to facilitate any explorations that I might find advisable in the comparatively open countries of the Acheron or Clarence, I sent round a party with horses and provisions to proceed by the Awatere over Barefell Pass, and to await me on the Acheron, five miles above its confluence with the Guide; for this latter service I was so fortunate as to secure the cooperation of Messrs. M'Cabe and Knight, whilst for the former I had taken with me an old and experienced bush hand. An accident, however, obliged him to return home from the "Top House," and I am much indebted to Mr. A. C. Clifford, who most opportunely volunteered to supply his place.

It was on the afternoon of Monday, 26th of March, that Mr. A. Clifford and myself entered the Black Birch Bush on the Upper Wairau, on the west side of the river, opposite to the "Top House." We en-

camped that night about five miles from the entrance of the bush. The next day we proceeded about ten miles; and the following morning, after a walk of some three or four more, we stood in the centre of an open valley, at the confluence of two main branches of the Wairau, one flowing from south-west and the other from south-east. Hitherto our course had been nearly south for about eighteen miles, excepting only an easterly inclination within the last two miles. The valley, mainly covered with black birch forest, is very level, and walled-in on either side by rocky and precipitous mountains.

Along the sides of the river, lie at intervals small open flats of grass, of good quality, but now, however, in places rough with spear grass and prickles; these open spaces become larger and more frequent, as the head of the valley is approached and a higher level attained, until, finally, the black birch is found, rather in clumps and patches than presenting the appearance of a continuous forest.

In travelling up this valley, we found the bush difficult and tedious, owing to the great number of young trees that were in places growing up. We consequently crossed the river several times, and kept to the shingle-bed and open flats as much as possible; but I am of opinion that a road might be carried the whole way along the west side of the valley, with perhaps one or two side cuttings. However, in any

case, it would be unnecessary to cross the river more than twice, once below and once above a place where the river, whose fall is always considerable, forms a kind of rapid, about thirteen miles above the open valley at the "Top House."

At a rough estimate, I should say that a good line of road might be made by cutting through about eight or nine miles of very easily cleared bush land, emerging at intervals upon open ground. There is very little, if any, soft or swampy ground, and the tributary brooks that fall from the mountains, with the exception of two from east to west, just above the rapids, are few and insignificant. The road might, however, be made passable by more frequent deviations into the open spots, at a very much smaller outlay of labour and capital than I have indicated, whilst a somewhat greater amount might be very advantageously expended upon it.

On the morning, then, of March the 28th, we found ourselves halted at a clump of black birch trees at the junction of the two branches of the Wairau.

They flowed out of a formidable barrier of mountains in our front, whose rocky peaks rose darkly above us, patched here and there, in spite of the long continued summer's heats, with dazzling dots of snow.

A spur, more rounded and grassy than the rest, descended from the very centre of the chain to the junction of the two streams.

We pitched our tent, left our loads, and ascended by this spur to the top of the range; light mists floating about the summit slightly impeded our view, yet did not, from an altitude of nearly 7000 feet above the sea level, prevent us from ascertaining that the inland grass country lay below us.

At our feet, to the south-east, lay a valley dotted with miniature lakes or pools; beyond and around it, grassy and bare-topped hills and narrow valleys. In the distance, bearing about east, we made out the landward Kaikoras amongst clouds and mists, with the Barefell Pass range. Immediately on our left, the south-east branch of the Wairau flowed out of a rock-bound gorge, whilst to our right little was visible but craggy and snow-patched mountains, in which the valley of the West Wairau seemed soon to break and lose itself.

Turning back to re-descend the mountain to our camp, the eye followed the dyke-like valley of the Upper Wairau, with its dark forest, its river bends, and its patches of yellow grass, cleaving straight through a chaos of rocks, crags, and mountains, till it reached the open country at the "Top House."

Early on the following morning we resumed our loads, and. a little after noon found ourselves once more on the summit of the mountain. We had taken this course, because, whilst neither of the river branches promised a good line of road, we knew that

after traversing the mountain range, and viewing it from either side, we should probably be better able to judge of any pass that might exist.

The northern ascent of the mountain had been, steep and long, but not rugged; the descent on the southern side proved worse.

Turning a little along the ridge to the left, we descended a steep shingle slip of some 300 or 400 feet, and following down a gully with loose stones, alpine plants, and, finally, black birch, found ourselves, by about four, P. M., on the south-east side of the range, and to our joy once more upon the banks of the East Wairau, which here pierces right through the mountains, and leads directly to our camp of the morning.

Although the day was drawing to a close, I determined not to rest till I had ascertained the practicability of the gorge. I followed it down till it opened out into the valley we had left that morning, about a mile above the junction. Having done so, late at night I returned to our camp. The gorge, remarkable for the precipices that rise above it, for huge isolated blocks of rock, that at first sight threaten to obstruct the river's course, and picturesque patches of black birch that hang about their sides, presents no real impediment to the traveller or drover. A few blows with the tomahawk, a fire-stick judiciously employed, and, should the brook be high, a little sidling over a

low bank or two, is the most that can be needed, though the gorge being very narrow, its aspect may at first appear discouraging for a mile or two. (Course east.)

After receiving two tributaries from the eastern mountains, the gorge opens, and another two miles (course south by west) will bring the traveller into Tarndale.

I gave the name of Tarndale to the valley immediately south of the great barrier of mountains, so unexpectedly penetrated by the East Wairau. It is situated between the valleys of the Acheron and Clarence; its northern extremity, about two miles broad, rests upon that block of rugged and inaccessible mountains, which, stretching westward from Mitchell and Dashwoods' Waihopi and Acheron Pass, is penetrated, as I have already described, by the Upper Wairau. The hills around Tarndale are generally grassy, the highest being bare-topped and shingly, especially on the south and west sides.

The valley itself averages a mile and a half broad, by eight or ten miles long, stretching nearly north and south, with an easterly inclination in the centre, and contains much rich cattle pasture.

It appears to have no timber, excepting some black birch on the mountain-side, at its north-west extremity, near the Wairau gorge.

But the most remarkable feature of Tarndale is

undoubtedly the little lakes, or "Tarns," from which I derived its name. They are six or seven in number, not all visible at once, but lie scattered, amongst low undulations of land, at the north end of the valley. Two or three of the largest contain an area of about eighty acres, circled round by smooth banks, free from sedge or bulrush; their waters clear and pure, and reflecting the mountains around; their surface only broken by the evolutions of fleets of grey ducks, teal, and widgeon, that had here their hitherto undisturbed abode. I had expected to have found the source of the Wairau in one of these pools, but it was not so: it rises in the hills west of the valley, just enters its north-west extremity, passes close by one of the pools, and, turning to the northward, cuts boldly through the heart of the mountains.

From the pools at the north-east corner of the valley (Tapuaenuku, bearing east-north-east), a branch of the Acheron rises, and, after flowing for rather more than three miles east-north-east, through a narrow valley, and two miles east in more open country, it receives a considerable branch from the rocky mountains from the north-west, and soon afterwards a branch from the south-west (which formed of two streams, one rising in a pool in the centre of Tarndale, and one in its south-west extremity, join and flow out of it four or five miles south of the stream we had followed).

We arrived at the comparatively open country I have just mentioned, and which I believe to be the "Dashwood Plains" of Captain Mitchell's journal, at noon, on Saturday, March 31st, having spent the preceding day exploring and camping at the north-east "Tarns."

We had observed a column of smoke, arising from a conical peak, in answer to our fires of last night, and we now met Mr. M'Cabe, who had reached the preconcerted camping-place on the Acheron the preceding day.

Traversing considerable flats with isolated downs to our left and higher grassy hills to our right, we proceeded, first east-south-east, and then south-east, till we reached the main stream of the Acheron, a distance of about two and a half miles (having on our left (north), at the junction, a small isolated hill, whose grassy surface is broken by innumerable small points of volcanic rock), and followed its course to the camp, where we spent the next day (Sunday, April 1st).

I had now established the required communication between the "Top House" and the usual route to Canterbury, by a line of perfectly level country: nevertheless, as the latter part deflected slightly to the eastward of the direct course, and as Tarndale was probably by a few miles nearer to the Clarence than to the Acheron, I was resolved to make the most of

the fine weather with which I was favoured, by exploring the sources of that river.

In pursuance of this resolution, we proceeded down the Acheron.

Rather more than five miles (during which the horses crossed the river twice, and we passed one stream from the west) brought us to the "Guide" below "Barefell," and we then followed the ordinary route to the junction of the Acheron with the Clarence (Waiau-toa).

Here Mr. A. Clifford and I spent a day, chiefly in walking down the valley below the confluence.

The course of the river is from west to east for about ten miles, when it appears to bend to the south by some grassy hills, and then seems to sweep round to north-east. The valley, for eight or ten miles, is a mile or a mile and a half wide, flat, and well grassed. I should imagine a pass might be found thence to the Tuakuka, which would open a communication with the Amuri country.

Beyond, the mountains appear to close in as the river penetrates the Kaikoras, which is confirmed by Messrs. Mitchell's and Dashwood's journals, and by observation from the seaward side.

Messrs. A. Clifford and Knight now left us on their return to Flaxburn, and Mr. M'Cabe and myself rode on up the Clarence (Waiau-toa).

We pursued the usual road to Jollie's Pass, the

valley with narrow grass flats on either side, differing in no material particular from that of the Acheron, excepting that, whilst the Acheron and its tributaries are quite destitute of timber, there are always numerous patches of black birch and often manuka on the Clarence.

We left part of our provisions opposite Jollie's Pass, and rode on for about five miles, course bearing about west-north-west.

The next day, leaving to the west the comparatively low hills and flats that lie between the Clarence and a branch of the Waiau-ua, and to the east Leaderdale and the "Maori wares," with the old route from the Guide and Acheron about seven miles (north or north by west), brought us to a point where the mountains reduce the valley to a breadth of less than half a mile, and the river bends slightly from the eastward. Above these narrows, which may extend for a mile, the valley again opens, and is about a mile in width, still flat and grassy, although, in the character of its vegetation, showing indications of a high level. We proceeded another four miles (course north by east), passing a tributary stream from the north-east, and encamped by the river for the night.

The following day I resolved to devote to exploring on foot, as I was now but a few miles from the head of the Clarence, and hoped to establish a communication with the source of the Wairau.

In this also I was completely successful; about a mile above our camp a branch of the Clarence joined it rising from a pass or passes bearing north-north-east, and distant about two miles. We took the more easterly one, a low saddle two or three hundred feet high, and of easy ascent, and found that it formed the only separation between a source of the Clarence and that of the East Wairau.

Standing on this saddle, the Wairau rose at our feet, and flowed through a small valley or mountain hollow. A large round isolated mound, almost filling the head of the glen, marked its source.

After following the stream for rather more than a mile north-north-east, it receives a branch from the west, and turning to the east, runs in about two and a half miles more into Tarndale. This last two or three miles is rather uneven travelling, as the spurs from the mountains run close down to the river. It is not, however, difficult.

As I have before mentioned, the Wairau enters Tarndale just opposite to the pass from it to the Acheron, and, turning from the valley, penetrates the mass of mountains to the northward.

After looking down into Tarndale, we returned late at night to our camp.

I devoted yet another day to the Clarence valley. Its north-east branch rises, as I have described, by the south-east branch of the Wairau.

A north-west branch shows the appearance of a possible pass to the westward among high and snowy mountains. A centre branch flows out of a lake which lies at the foot of the main barrier of mountains. These branches meet, as it were, at the head of the Clarence valley, which opens to receive them.

The lake, Mr. Knight and I had discovered two years ago, from a mountain down the Clarence, and had named it "Lake Tennyson," and a mountain above it, the "Princess:" it lies about a mile and a half out of the route, and is not readily perceptible from the plane.

It now first burst upon my view from the point of the hill west of the confluence of the branches. Though small, being only about half a mile wide, by a mile and a half in length, Lake Tennyson, in beauty, far surpasses any thing I have ever seen in New Zealand.

None of the lakes in the Northern Island can, in my opinion, compare to it. It lies in an amphitheatre of lofty peaks, bold in outline, dark in colour, except where brightened by sunlight and relieved by patches of snow scattered in clefts of the rock.

On its banks clumps of birch trees, here and there, hang over the water, or stand grouped over a smooth down, towards a wood, on the left; whilst in front the Clarence, leaving the lake by a pebbly bay, flows away down the level grass plain.

Nothing now remained to induce me to spend further time in this part of the country. We consequently turned our horses' heads to the southward, set fire to the country behind us, and, passing over Jollie's Pass, reached Stonyhurst Station, on the Hurunui, on the 11th of April, just before bad weather set in, which covered the mountains with snow.

I have little to add to the foregoing epitome of my journal of the two routes from Tarndale.

That by the Clarence is the shorter by about five miles, and the river is the easier to ford; whilst the route by the Acheron is the most perfect level, less stony, and at present has the advantage of having been, for the greater part, cleared by successive fires;

As a pastoral country, I am inclined to prefer the Tarndale and Acheron country to that of the Clarence. There is, however, abundance of excellent grass in either; the soil is every where light, and presents more frequently the appearance of pulverized rock, with a remarkably small admixture of vegetable matter.

The mountains throughout the country I traversed seem to be composed of sand-stone, clayey slate, or shale, more or less hardened and altered in character by volcanic action. Here and there I saw rocks of basaltic appearance, but I am inclined to believe that the purely volcanic formation rarely exists except in the Kaikora block.

In general, mountains rising to a height of about 2000 or 3000 feet above the valleys, are rounded, bare topped, and covered with beds of broken shingle, through which those of greater altitude rear their peaks of rock, the whole presenting the appearance of a country undergoing physical changes.

As a general rule, the sides of the mountains, the lower hills, and the valleys, are covered with grass; the black birch is found on the Clarence and Wairau to a level of about 3000 feet (as nearly as I can estimate) above the sea; the manuka at a somewhat lesser elevation.

I observed no new plants or shrubs which I had not previously noticed, and the season of the year was unfavourable for such research.

No rare or remarkable birds fell under my observation.

The blue whistling duck that delights in rocky mountain-streams, with the Paradise goose, and an occasional teal or widgeon, formed part of our daily fare; whilst the unsophisticated wood-hen often amused us by pecking and prying, with quaint attitude and curious eye, around our encampments.

Wild dogs appear to abound, especially on the Clarence.

Before I conclude it may not be amiss to mention, that I saw no traces of the earthquakes which have

lately been so severely felt in some parts of these islands – another proof of their local nature.

In bringing this report to an end, I may be permitted to express a confident hope, that the easy and direct line of communication now established between Nelson and Canterbury may prove to the advantage of either province.

I have, &c,
FRED. A. WELD.
Stonyhurst, Hurunui,
April 15, 1855.

APPENDIX B. ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS OF THE PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY... 1854.

APPENDIX B. ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS OF THE PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY, IN NEW ZEALAND, TAKEN ON 31ST MARCH, 1854.

APPENDIX C. [CANTERBURY EXPORTS]

APPENDIX C.

An ACCOUNT showing the Quantities and Estimated Value of the Goods (being bona fide the produce of this Province) EXPORTED during the period from the 1st January to the 30th November, 1855, inclusive, distinguishing Goods sent Coastwise from those exported to the neighbouring Colonies. – Compiled from Custom House Records.

ARTICLES EXPORTED.

COASTWISE.

SYDNEY.

MELBOURNE.

TOTAL.

VALUE.

Ale and Beer

Nil.

108 gallons

Nil.

108 gallons

£10 16 0

Bacon and Hams.

902 lbs.

Nil.

Nil.

902 lbs.

45 15 0

Butter.

6, 720 lbs

1,568 lbs.

3,024 lbs

11,312 lbs.

707 0 0

Carrots

Nil.

Nil.

3 tons

3 tons

15 0 0

Cheese

48,720 lbs.

10,955 lbs.

14,100 lbs.

73,775 lbs.

3,688 15 0

Corn and Grain, viz.: –

Barley

1,719 bushels

463 bushels

524 bushels

2,706 bushels

711 16 0

Bran

81 bushels

524 bushels

1,062 bushels

1,697 bushels

83 7 0

Oats

3,441 bushels

3,008 1/2 bushels

3,051 bushels

9, 500 1/2 bushels

2,612 12 9

Sharps.

12 bushels

80 bushels

Nil.

92 bushels

11 10 0

Wheat

2,829 bushels

Nil.

859 bushels

3,688 bushels

2,212 16 0

Grass Seed

110 bushels

Nil.

Nil.

140 bushels

21 0 0

Firewood

12 cords

5 cords

Nil.

17 cords

25 10 0

Flour

26 1/2 tons

Nil.

1 ton

27 1/2 tons

1,015 0 0

Oil

200 gallons

Nil.

Nil.

200 gallons

50 0 0

Onions

Nil.

Nil.

2,464 lbs.

2,464 lbs.

41 1 4

Plants

Nil.

Nil.

1 case

1 case

10 0 0

Potatoes

128 1/2 tons

135 tons

590 3/4 tons

854 1/4 tons

6,834 0 0

Stone

16 blocks

Nil.

Nil.

16 blocks

3 0 0

Timber, sawn

5,100 feet

50,000 feet

Nil.

55,000 feet

551 0 0

Wool

28,448 lbs.

399,308 lbs.

Nil.

427,756 lbs.

21,387 16 0

TOTAL.

£40,037 15 1

IMMIGRATION.

IMMIGRATION, 1855.

The returns give a total of 704 persons who have immigrated to this province during the past year, from the following places: –

From Great Britain

543

" New South Wales.

126

" Van Diemen's Land

35

704

Three vessels arrived in this province during the past year direct from England, viz. the "Grasmere," with 107 immigrants; the "Caroline Agnes," with 186; and the "Cashmere," with 146.

Sermon preached at Christchurch... 1853.

SERMON PREACHED BEFORE

[APPENDIX] D.

A Sermon preached at Christchurch, before his Honour the Superintendent and the Provincial Council of Canterbury, New Zealand, at the opening of their First Session, on Tuesday, Sept. 27, 1853. By the Rev. R. B. Paul, M. A., Commissary of the Bishop of New Zealand.

DEUTERONOMY iv. 7-9.

"For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the Lord our God is in all things that we call upon him for? And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day? Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons."

The book of Deuteronomy, or "repetition of the law," as its name imports, opens with an address to the Israelites, in which Moses recals to their remembrance the various instances wherein they had experienced the loving-kindness of God since the period of their departure from Mount Horeb, the victories which had marked their progress, their murmurings and ingratitude, and the heavy punishments inflicted on them from time to time for their obstinate disobedience. The fortieth year of their wanderings was now drawing to a close; and Moses, who had been their ruler and guide during the whole of that weary journey,

THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL.

had received an intimation from God that the time of his departure was at hand. It was with even more than ordinary solemnity, therefore, that the servant of the Lord, now an aged man of an hundred and twenty years, urged on the children of Israel the necessity of observing the conditions of the covenant into which they had entered with the Almighty. Life and death, – prosperity and desolation, – are set before the people as the consequences of future obedience or disobedience. If they hearkened unto the voice of the Lord their God, their armies would be victorious over the heathen, whom they should in the end root out of the land; a blessing should rest on their labours in the field and in the city; heaven should be opened to give rain upon their land in due season; and the Lord should make them plenteous in their goods, in the fruit of their body, and in the fruit of their cattle, and in the fruit of their ground, in the land which the Lord sware unto their fathers to give them. But if, on the other hand, they should forget the Lord their God and serve other gods and worship them, then the Lord's anger should be kindled against them, and He should shut up the heavens that there should be no rain, and the land should not yield her fruit, and they should perish quickly from off the good land which the Lord gave them.

I know not whether it is more a cause for rejoicing than for shame and self-reproach, that the words of

my text are so applicable as they are to the land of our own birth. "What nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the Lord our God is in all things that we call upon him for?" Not only have nations been driven out from before us, but we have been permitted by God's favour to acquire an empire on which it is our boast that the sun never sets. Has it been our constant care, as a nation, that the sun of righteousness should rise to disperse the spiritual darkness which rests upon the fairest portions of our foreign dominion? We are wealthy beyond all the kingdoms of the world. God grant that in the day when He maketh up his jewels our gold may not be found dross, because we have neglected to make unto ourselves friends of the Mammon of unrighteousness! It is a solemn and a painful inquiry; but let us not shrink from asking ourselves the question, What reasonable ground have we for believing that we shall escape the judgment of God on account of any thing that has hitherto been done by us as a nation to promote his glory? Our sound has gone out, indeed, into many lands, but are we not for the most part known as the merchant princes of Tyre and Sidon might have been known in their day, rather than as missionaries of that Gospel which we profess to believe, or practisers of that peace and good will which it enjoins? The waters of the East and the West, the North and the South teem with our ships, and

there is scarcely a savage in the wildest island of these seas who is not familiar with our national flag, with its cross of St. Andrew, and its cross of St. George, and its cross of St. Patrick. But have we been diligent to tell them the tale of those sufferings of which the holy sign is an emblem and a memorial? Have we laboured to teach them, that on such a cross there once hung in agony One who, Himself the Son of God, yet took upon Him man's form and nature, that He might die for the sins of the whole world? Alas! it needs little research into the history of our intercourse with the people of distant lands to learn, that an account more fearful even than that of neglected duties stands against us, as regards our dealings with those to whom we have taught vices unknown to them in their days of heathenism. It were useless now to compare our apathy in former days with the zeal of other Churches, – to speak of Bishops, and Presbyters, and Deacons sent out in crowds into lands where scarcely a solitary missionary of the Church of England has been resident, – of noble temples erected to the honour of God by the son of the stranger in regions where our countrymen have been compelled to assemble, if not in caves and dens of the earth, like the first persecuted Christians, at least, in such miserable sheds, as the poorest of our people at home would scarcely inhabit, although, in our niggard economy, we have deemed them good enough for the

service of God. It were vain to speak of these things now, nor would I even have alluded to them, except for the purpose of directing your attention to the peculiar features of the system under which our own settlement has been established, – the distinct recognition, I mean, of the duty incumbent on a Christian nation to provide the means of grace for those of her children whom she sends forth into distant lands. I will not say that this noble plan has been carried out as fully, or perhaps as judiciously, as it might have been; but it is at least something that now, for the first time in the history of colonization, the principle has been distinctly enunciated, that colonists have souls to be saved, as well as bodies to be sustained; it is at least something that the grain of mustard seed has been sown, which, small and feeble as it may be at present, will yet, by God's blessing, become a great tree, and overshadow the land. I know not what may be done on such an occasion as this in the other provinces of New Zealand; but to us it is, I am sure, a fact of happy augury, that the first meeting of our Provincial Council is consecrated by public prayer. It is a pledge, that in thus recognizing the Scripture principle, that righteousness exalteth a nation, your future deliberations will be carried on with a single eye to the glory of God, and the welfare temporal and eternal of those who look to you for a faithful discharge of the duties with which you are intrusted.

The position of this settlement differs, as I have said, in a most important particular from that of all our other colonies. I mean in having been founded exclusively by members of the Church of England, with a view to the establishment and maintenance of those religious opinions which they themselves professed. In so doing, they hoped to escape, at least in the infancy of the colony, the manifold difficulties which at home surround every attempt that has been made to establish a system of religious education. The question now arises, whether it is possible for those who have succeeded to the functions of the Canterbury Association to carry out their plan in all its integrity, as regards the religious and educational objects which formed its basis. I do not, for my own part, believe that this is practicable. It was competent to a voluntary association of English churchmen to originate a plan of colonization, of which the leading feature was the advancement, by every available means, of the religious system of their Church. Nor could the professors of any other creed, who might happen to settle among us, reasonably complain of their exclusion from any privileges enjoyed by our Church in this settlement; because, inasmuch as the system of endowment was, as I have said, purely voluntary: all who purchased lands in the colony were supposed to declare, by the very act of contributing a third of the price towards the support of the Church, that they were

members of her communion. But now the case is far different. Without attempting to discuss the merits or disadvantages of a Church establishment at home, we may, I think, assume, that in a new country, where no one denomination of religionists enjoys any political privileges which are not possessed by all, it would be neither just nor expedient to introduce a new principle of ecclesiastical polity. In the present state of the colony, where an overwhelming majority of the people are members of the Church of England, there would probably be little difficulty in obtaining their acquiescence in any plan of this sort which might be adopted by the legislature; but I cannot think that any system of endowment would be either wise or just, or eventually successful, which was based on the principle of benefiting one religious body at the expense of others, even although those others may at the present time be weak and insignificant.

Supposing then this principle of even-handed justice (for such I believe it to be) to be recognized, one of two courses must be adopted. You must either afford State assistance to all religious denominations alike (for the State has assuredly no right to pronounce judgment on the truth or error of any particular creed), or you must leave them all to the operation of the voluntary system. I do not venture to pronounce any opinion as to which of these plans is to be preferred. Only, as a member of the Church of

England, this I would say, that if she is true to herself, she will never accept any aid that is not accorded to her freely and unconditionally. If her acceptance of a State endowment in any form implies that she ia to become in one jot or one tittle the servant of the State – if, because she is thus endowed, the most solemn articles of her faith are to be interpreted by tribunals not even nominated by herself, and of which the members do not necessarily belong to her communion – -if her synodical action is to be crippled; if questions affecting her discipline are to be discussed, not in her own councils, but in legislative assemblies, many members of which are, it may be, strangers to her creed – if this is the price at which State assistance is to be purchased – then we would say to the government, "Thy money perish with thee: thou hast no part nor lot with us in this matter." But there is another question scarcely less important than that which we have briefly considered. I mean the question: In what manner and to what extent is the State bound to assist in the work of national education? That such an obligation in some form or other is imposed on the government of every country, few, I think, in the present day, are inclined to deny; but the unhappy differences of religious belief which exist at home have rendered it impossible to devise any comprehensive system of education, except by leaving out religious instruction altogether, or imparting it in

a form so general as to preclude dogmatic teaching of every sort. Now against both these plans there are in my mind very grave objections. I am well aware that the advocates of a purely secular system of education are ready to allow that a certain portion of time should be given up to religious instruction, provided persons can be found willing to impart it, and provided the children are not disinclined to receive it. But is there not this risk, that those who are brought up under such a system will almost of necessity learn to consider the acquisition of secular knowledge the primary business of life, and regard that which the Gospel of Christ has pronounced to be "the one thing needful," to be at best a mere accessory to the general plan – a work useful it may be and beneficial, but not the great end of life – else would it surely have occupied a more prominent place in their system of education? The other plan is that adopted by some of our religious sects at home; and is in my mind liable to almost more serious objections. The principle on which it is founded is this: that inasmuch as the Scriptures contain all that is necessary to be known in order to lay hold on eternal life, therefore the Scriptures, without note or comment, are to be placed in the hands of children, who are to collect from them their own creed, unassisted, except in so far as the fundamental principle of the system is violated by permitting the teacher himself to explain the sense of

Holy Writ. Without venturing to pronounce an unfavourable judgment on those who believe such a system as this to be the best that can be adopted, thus much we may say, that we, as ministers of the Church of England, dare not sanction any plan of education which assumes the mere reading of the Bible (and that by little children) to be religious instruction; we dare not think it a light thing, that, whilst other Protestant communities are for the most part in danger of being blown about by every wind of doctrine, according to the interpretation given to Holy Scripture by different preachers, we have a standard of belief set forth in the articles and liturgy of our Church, our appeal being no less than theirs to the word of God; but to that word as interpreted by the Church of Christ before any admixture of Romish error had corrupted the truth, and before the doctrine had ever been heard of, that each individual Christian is fully capable of deciding for himself those momentous questions, for the settlement of which the early Church deemed it necessary to call together councils of her bishops.

Supposing the view which I have taken to be correct, there would seem to remain only one mode in which the important work of education can be aided by the State – I mean by making to each religious body grants proportionate to the sums raised by themselves, leaving them at perfect liberty to educate their

children in the manner approved by themselves, with only so much of government interference as is necessary to prevent the waste or misappropriation of the grant.

Before I conclude I will say a few words respecting the object to which the alms collected at the Offertory to-day will be devoted – the enlargement of the temporary church in which we are now assembled, and the building from time to time, as the funds allow, of churches in other parts of the settlement. And something more than this let us hope to see; that at no distant time the mean and unworthy tabernacle of boards in which we are now met may be supplied by a building more fit for God's service. True, God dwelleth not in temples made with hands; nor may we doubt that the prayer of faith offered in the days of the early Church from the poor upper-chamber, or the cavern, or the tombs was as acceptable to the Almighty as the hallelujahs which echoed through the courts of his temple at Jerusalem. It were vain, indeed, and worse than vain, to suppose that we can render aught but poor and feeble and imperfect service to Him whose glory is sung without ceasing by every creature that is in heaven and on earth – by the seraphim, whose burning harps are for ever tuned to his praises, and the thousands of ministering spirits sent forth to minister to the heirs of salvation, and rejoicing as each repentant sinner is added to the number of those

who are saved from perishing – by the winds and the storm, rain and hail fulfilling his word – by the spirits of just men made perfect – the glorious company of the Apostles, the goodly fellowship of the Prophets, the noble army of Martyrs – by the prayer which rises day and night from earth to heaven out of the humble and contrite heart, and by the good works which are offered up as a sacrifice well-pleasing unto God. And yet amidst this homage of all creation God was willing to accept the gold and the silver and the work of the cunning artificer as a testimony of his people's love. Let us then be assured, that He who is the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever, will not look with displeasure on those who still deem it an acceptable service to adorn with the best and goodliest of their substance the place where God's honour dwelleth.

An Appeal for Subscriptions in Aid of the Building Fund of Christ's College...

APPEAL ON BEHALF

[APPENDIX] E.

An Appeal for Subscriptions in Aid of the Building Fund of Christ's College, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Warden. – The Lord Bishop of the Diocese.
Sub-Warden. – The Rev. Henry Jacobs, M. A., late Michel Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford.

Fellows.

The Venerable Octavius Mathias, B. A., Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Archdeacon of Akaroa.
The Rev. James Wilson, M. A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
The Rev. William Wellington Willock, M. A., late Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge.
The Rev. George Cotterill, B. A., St. John's College, Cambridge.
James Edward Fitz Gerald, Esq., B. A., Christ's College, Cambridge.
John Bealey, Esq., M. A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Henry Barnes Gresson, Esq., B. A., Trinity College, Dublin.
Charles Robert Blakiston, Esq.
William John Warburton Hamilton, Esq.

OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE.

It is well known that the distinguishing feature of the plan of the Canterbury Association for founding a settlement in New Zealand was the provision of endowments for religious and educational purposes in connexion with the Church of England. In particular, a scheme for the foundation of a college was put forward as an especial inducement to intending colonists, and attracted public attention and interest in a marked degree. It was, in fact, distinctly promised to the land purchasers and settlers in Canterbury, that a portion of the Ecclesiastical and Educational Fund should be set apart for the foundation and endowment of a college, to embrace a junior department or grammar school, as well as a senior or strictly collegiate department. An appeal was at the same time made to the public for contributions in aid of this design, and the result was the collection of considerable sums of money, which were invested in land within the settlement, for the endowment of various professorships and scholarships to be attached to the proposed college; many subscriptions were also promised, which have not hitherto been collected, but which, it is hoped, will not now be refused, when the proposed college has become a reality.

It is unnecessary to discuss at length the various causes which combined to render impracticable the full and immediate accomplishment of the grand and comprehensive scheme of the Association for the

foundation of a college. If experience has proved that too much was expected at so early a stage of an entirely new settlement, and that the views of the projectors of the scheme were over sanguine as to the time of its accomplishment, and the scale on which it should be set on foot at the outset, yet nothing has occurred to forbid the hope of the gradual and steady fulfilment of all that was noble, and praiseworthy, and practically useful in the original plan. Neither have the promises of the Association, as regards education, been entirely unfulfilled, even hitherto; so far from this being the case, it is believed that provision has been made adequate, in most respects, to the actual requirements of the community. The junior department, or grammar school, was established within a few weeks after the landing of the first body of colonists in the settlement, and has been continued up to the present time, having steadily increased in numbers, and now receiving upwards of thirty pupils. Thus a practical beginning has been made; pupils are being trained for the higher department; the seed-bed has been formed, whence the more promising plants may be selected, to be transplanted to a larger space, and enjoy a higher culture.

The time has, however, arrived, when the establishment of the college as a separate institution, and no longer as the educational department of the Canterbury Association, became a necessity. The Associa-

tion, being about to put an end to its own existence, and to transfer its functions and property to the colonists, made it an indispensable condition, in transferring the ecclesiastical and educational property to the Church Property Trustees, that that body should fulfil the original promise of the foundation of a college. Accordingly, one of the first acts of the Church Property Trustees (a body incorporated by provincial ordinance, and composed of the Bishop of the diocese, the licensed clergy of the settlement, and representatives of the laity, annually elected from each parish) was to found the college, under the name of "Christ's College, Canterbury," by deed bearing date 21st May, 1855, and to make over for its endowment a portion, amounting to one-fifth of the town and rural lands in which the Ecclesiastical Fund had been invested, exclusive of the special endowments for professorships and scholarships. The college, thus founded, was incorporated in the following month by an ordinance of the Provincial Legislature. The constitution and objects of the college will be best understood by referring to the deed of foundation appended to this statement.

The college being, therefore, now founded and endowed with landed property of considerable prospective value, but producing a present gross income not exceeding 140l. per annum, the great difficulty which presents itself is the expense which must necessarily

be incurred for providing suitable buildings; to remove which difficulty, to enable the college to carry on its operations on a scale commensurate with the growing requirements of this and perhaps the neighbouring provinces, and thereby promote the highest interests of religion and education in this portion of the globe, the present appeal is made to the landholders and settlers of Canterbury, to the tried sympathy and liberality of English churchmen, and especially to the early friends and promoters of the Canterbury Settlement.

The building at present occupied by the grammar school, besides being too small for the purpose, and inconveniently situated as regards available space, is not the property of the college; it is, in fact, the parsonage of Christchurch; the college may be deprived of the use of it at any moment: it cannot, and indeed ought not to be long retained for its present purpose. It is, therefore, absolutely necessary to build elsewhere; the very existence of the college depends on the erection of suitable buildings.

A very eligible site, consisting of ten acres of land, with a frontage on the River Avon, immediately adjoining the town of Christchurch, but removed from its busiest thoroughfares, being a portion of the reserve known as the Government Domain, has been granted to the college by the Provincial Legislature, with no other condition attached to the grant than that the site

shall always be used for the purpose for which it was given, and that it shall be occupied within three years.

The deed of foundation contains a provision empowering the sale of a portion of the landed endowment of the college, to the value of 500l., for the purposes of building. But the sub-warden and fellows are anxious, if possible, not to avail themselves of the power thus given them, being apprehensive that the future efficiency of the college would be seriously crippled by such a diminution of its estate.

They venture to hope that they may be freed from this necessity by the liberality of those to whom this appeal is made. It is calculated that the sum of 3000l. would not be more than sufficient to provide, on the most moderate scale, the accommodation absolutely demanded by the requirements of the college at its outset; namely, a house for the sub-warden, who is also at present the head master of the grammar school; a house for the second master, a dormitory for the boarders, and separate rooms for the students; a large school room, and two smaller lecture rooms, and a dining hall, which would serve also in the first instance for a temporary chapel and library. Separate buildings for the two last-mentioned purposes might be added at a future time.

It should be mentioned, that the estates purchased out of the subscriptions collected in England when the college was first projected, and made over for the

endowment of professorships and scholarships to be attached to the college, are already, without exception, more or less productive.

Professors have accordingly been appointed to the Watts-Russell Professorship of Divinity, and to the Hulsean Chichele Professorship of Modern History, and regular duties have been assigned to each; a scholar has also been elected on the Rowley Foundation. 47 But the most valuable of these foundations at the present time is that established by Mrs. Maria Soames; the rental of this estate amounts to considerably more than 150l. per annum; technical difficulties, which it is hoped will shortly be removed, prevent these funds from being immediately available for the maintenance of students. 48 There are other scholarship's which are of scarcely more than nominal value at present. These facts, however, are mentioned, to show how great a sacrifice of future advantages in the cause of religion and education would be incurred, if these endowments were allowed to fail of their purpose,

for the want of a little present help in providing the necessary buildings for carrying on the operations of the college.

Those who so generously offered subscriptions for the purpose, when the scheme was first projected, it is confidently expected, will not now withdraw their promised aid; the warm interest formerly felt by the many friends and promoters of the Canterbury Settlement in the foundation of the college will, it is hoped, be revived; and English Churchmen in general, not unmindful of what their ancestors have done for them, and who have long enjoyed the benefit of the noble edifices and foundations provided by the Christian munificence of many centuries, will not refuse to lend a helping hand to those who are struggling to reclaim the barren waste, to add a civilized province to the realm of England, and to nurse up an infant Church, not unworthy of the stock from whence it sprung.

This appeal is made with the sanction of the present Warden, the Lord Bishop of New Zealand: it is hoped that it may soon be personally recommended and supported by the future Warden, the Bishop of Christchurch, so soon as he shall be appointed.

By order of the governing body of the college,

HENRY JACOBS, Sub-Warden.
Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand,
January 24th, 1856.

47 There are in all at present four students in the upper department of the college, three of whom are studying for Holy Orders.

48 It is gratifying to state, that real proofs are being given by the colonists themselves of their desire to promote the efficiency of the college. A Divinity Scholarship is in course of being founded by the Rev. B. W. Dudley, Incumbent of Lyttelton, to be endowed with twelve acres of suburban land at Lyttelton, producing a present rental of 10l. per annum. Another gentleman, a layman, has offered to give ten acres of freehold land to the college.

Deed of Foundation of Christ's College, Canterbury.

DEED OF FOUNDATION

Deed of Foundation of Christ's College, Canterbury.

In the name of God, Amen. We, the Church Property Trustees, duly appointed, nominated, and elected under and by virtue of an Ordinance passed by the Superintendent and Provincial Council of the province of Canterbury, Session 2, No. 3, entitled "The Church Property Trust Ordinance," being desirous of promoting ecclesiastical and educational institutions within the said province of Canterbury, by virtue and in exercise of the powers vested in us as such trustees, and of every power and authority enabling us in that behalf, do by this present deed, sealed with our corporate seal, testify and declare that the several lands, tenements, and hereditaments specified and set forth in the first schedule hereunder, within, or hereunto annexed, with their respective appurtenances, are, and henceforth shall be held by us and our successors and assigns upon, and for the several uses, trusts, intents, and purposes following, and upon or for no other use, trust, intent, or purpose whatsoever, that is to say, upon trust for the foundation, endowment, and maintenance of a college, to be henceforth established within the said province of Canterbury, by the name and style of "Christ's College, Canterbury." And we do accordingly hereby found the said college to the honour and glory of the Eternal and ever Blessed

Trinity for the propagation of the most holy Christian religion, as it is now professed and taught by the United Church of England and Ireland, and for the promotion of sound piety and useful learning, more especially within the said province of Canterbury. And we do hereby declare that the said college shall be constituted as follows: that is to say, there shall be a warden, sub-warden, and fellows, not fewer than six, nor exceeding twenty-five in number; subject, however, to increase in the manner provided for by the statute in that behalf in the second schedule hereunto annexed. The Bishop of the Church of England, for the time being, of the diocese in which the said college shall be situate, shall be ex-officio the warden of the college, provided that if at any time such Bishop should refuse to hold the said office of warden, it shall be competent to the fellows of the college for the time being to elect a person to fill such office for such period as shall elapse between the refusal of such Bishop to accept the said office of warden, and the consecration of his successor to the bishopric held at the time of such refusal by the Bishop so refusing and no longer. The governing body of the said college shall consist of a society formed of the warden, sub-warden, and fellows, of whom the sub-warden and fellows shall be nominated by us in the first instance. And we do hereby accordingly nominate, constitute, and appoint the Rev. Henry Jacobs, Master of Arts, to be sub-

warden, and the following persons to be the fellows of the said college: that is to say, the Rev. Robert Bateman Paul, Master of Arts; 49 the Rev. Octavius Mathias, Bachelor of Arts; 50 the Rev. William Wellington Willock, Master of Arts; the Rev. James Wilson, Master of Arts; the Rev. George Cotterill, Bachelor of Arts; James Edward Fitz Gerald, Bachelor of Arts; John Bealey, Master of Arts; Charles Robert Blakiston, Henry Barnes Gresson, Bachelor of Arts; and William John Warburton Hamilton. The Metropolitan Bishop of the Church of England, for the time being, of the ecclesiastical province, within which the said college shall be situate, shall be the visitor thereof. The sub-warden and fellows shall hold office during life, subject nevertheless to the provisions in the statutes in the second schedule for the determination of such sub-wardenship or fellowship respectively. All future sub-wardens shall be elected by the fellows, subject to a veto to be exercised by the warden; provided, nevertheless, that if at any time from the omission of the fellows of the said college for the time being to exercise their right of election, or from any other cause, the office of sub-warden shall remain

vacant for a period of three calendar months at any one time, then and so often as the same shall happen, the nomination and appointment of a person to fill such vacant office shall thereupon devolve upon the warden of the said college for the time being, who is hereby empowered in such event to make such appointment by his own sole authority. The said college shall be governed by the statutes set forth in the said second schedule hereunto annexed, together with such other statutes as shall from time to time be made, in pursuance of the power vested in the said society, under the statutes in that behalf contained in the said second schedule. Immediately upon the passing of an ordinance, granting corporate powers to the said warden, sub-warden, and fellows, the said lands, tenements, and hereditaments set forth in the said first schedule, with their appurtenances, shall be duly conveyed and assured to the said warden, sub-warden, and fellows, and their successors, to be held by them and their successors, upon trust, for the endowment and maintenance of the said college. It shall be lawful for the warden, sub-warden, and fellows of the said college, for the time being, to alienate so much of the said lands, tenements, and hereditaments as may be necessary for payment of a sum of 400l., with which the same now stand charged, and also of such further sum, not exceeding 500l., as may be required for the erection of such buildings, and making such

improvements as may be required for the said college; and it shall be lawful also for the said sub-warden and fellows, with the approbation in writing of the warden of the said college for the time being, but not otherwise, and subject to the proviso for re-investment hereinafter contained, from time to time to sell such further portion or portions of the said lands, tenements, and hereditaments as they shall think proper; provided, nevertheless, that immediately or so soon as conveniently may be after every such sale, the proceeds thereof shall be re-invested in lands, tenements, and hereditaments within the said province of the like tenure, to be duly conveyed to, and held by, the warden, sub-warden, and fellows of the said college for the time being, upon and for the like uses and trusts as are in these presents declared concerning the lands, tenements, and hereditaments which shall have been so sold as last aforesaid, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit of, and upon or for no other use or trust whatsoever. But, save as aforesaid, it shall not be lawful for the said warden, sub-warden, and fellows to alienate, mortgage, charge, or demise the said lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or any other lands, tenements, or hereditaments to which the said college may become entitled by grant, purchase, or otherwise, unless under the authority of an ordinance or ordinances of the Provincial Council of the said province to be made in that behalf, except by way

of lease for a term not exceeding thirty-one years from the time when such lease shall be made, in and by which lease there shall be reserved and made payable, during the whole of the term thereby granted, the best yearly rent that can be reasonably procured for the same, without any fine or premium. In witness whereof we, the said Church Property Trustees, have to this deed, and also to the two schedules hereunto annexed, affixed our corporate seal this 21st day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.

49 Fellowship since vacated by the appointment of Mr. Paul to the Archdeaconry of Waimea, in the province of Nelson, and by his ceasing in consequence to reside within the province of Canterbury, residence within the province being laid down by statute as a condition of retaining a fellowship.

50 Since appointed Archdeacon of Akaroa.

LIST OF RUNHOLDERS WITHIN THE PROVINCE OP CANTERBURY.

[APPENDIX] F.

LIST OF RUNHOLDERS WITHIN THE PROVINCE OP CANTERBURY.

No. on Map.

Name.

Acreage.

1

Mallock

17,000

2

Sidey.

6,000

3

Hodgkinson.

29,000

4

Clifford and Weld

50,000

5

Greenwood.

60,000

6

Pawsey.

3,000

7

Waitt.

30,000

8

Kermode & Moore

50,000

9

Brown, C. H.

15,000

10

ditto

5,000

11

Hodgkinson

5,000

12

Douglas

7,000

13

Hankinson.

15,000

14

O'Connell, Major

20,000

15

McFarlane.

20,000

10

McFarlane.

5,000

17

Brown

8,000

18

ditto

6,000

19

McKay

5,000

20

Barclay

5,000

21

Gartner and Ellis

10,000

22

Torlesse

20,000

23

Ward.

5,000

24

Ward.

5,000

25

Row.

5,000

20

Kaye.

20,000

27

Higgins for Murphy

16,000

28

Sanderson and Brayshaw

20,000

29

Row.

5,000

30

Aitken

20,000

31

Pearson

6,000

32

Cookson

5,000

No. on Map.

Name.

Acreage

32A

Higgins

5,000

33

Thomson.

10,000

34

Dixon.

6,000

35

ditto

9,000

36

Chapman.

5,000

37

Row.

6,000

38

Day.

5,000

39

Joyce and Turner

5,000

40

Moore and Kerr.

5,000

41

Fooks

5,000

42

Haslewood.

10,000

43

McLean and Reed

20,000

44

Rowley

10,000

45

ditto

5,000

40

Field.

10,000

47

Haslewood.

5,000

48

Prebble

5,000

40

Moore and Kerr.

5,000

49A, 50

Brittan.

15,000

51

Guinness.

6,000

52

Fitz Gerald

5,000

53

ditto

9,000

54

Ross.

10,000

55

Tosswill

5,000

56

Worsley

5,000

57

Burke

5,000

58

Rhodes

8,000

5!)

Gibbie

5,000

60

Rhodes

7,000

60 A

Francis

5,000

61

Henderson.

5,000

62

Rhodes

7,000

THE PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY.

No. on Map.

Name

Acreage

63

Wright and Lucas

5,000

64, 65, 66

Carew

10,000

67

Buchanan.

9,000

68

Rhodes

13,000

69

Price.

5,000

70

Wilson

5,000

71

ditto

10,000

72

ditto

5,000

73

Lake.

10,000

74

Owen.

20,000

75

McFarlane.

10,000

76

Creyke

15,000

77

Denman

20,000

78

Bray.

10,000

79

Ross.

8,000

80

Deans

33,000

81

Jackson

20,000

82

Russell

20,000

83

Jackson

20,000

84

Leach and Dudley

5,000

84A

ditto

20,000

85

Barker, Harman and Davie

20,000

86

Norris

20,000

87

F. H. Wilson.

10,000

88

Studholme.

10,000

89

Purnell

20,000

90

Knight

10,000

91

Phillips

12,000

92

Tancred

10,000

93

Cordy

5,000

94

Bealey

10,000

95

Studholme.

12,000

96

Perceval & Aylmer

10,000

97

Studholme.

7, 500

98

Bealey

5,000

99

ditto

5,000

100

Westenra.

10,000

101

Bealey

5,000

No. on Map.

Name.

Acreage

102

Bealey

5,000

103

ditto

5,000

104

ditto

5,000

105

Westenra.

10,000

106

ditto

10,000

107

Mathias

9,000

108

Hylton

20. 000

109

Raven

20,000

110

Washbourne

8,000

UI

Harman and Davie

11,000

112

Birdling

10,000

113

Price.

10,000

114

Twigges and Co.

10,000

115

Brittin

5,000

116

Rhodes.

13,000

117

Templar

20,000

118

Leach.

10,000

119

Home

20,000

120

Kermode

20,000

121

Moore

20,000

122

Rhodes

7,000

123

Hawdon

5,000

124

Chapman.

10,000

125

ditto

10,000

126

Wemyss

20,000

127

Mackie and Beard

20,000

128

Lean.

20,000

129

F. W. Hall.

10,000

130

C. W. Hall.

10,000

131

G. W. Hall

5,000

132

T. W. Hall

10,000

132a

Lean.

5,000

133

Fowler.

5,000

134

Pearson

5,000

135

Hawdon

5,000

136

Beswick

20,000

137

Hart.

20,000

138

Tancred

20,000

139

ditto

10,000

140

Seal.

30,000

141

Field.

14,000

LIST OF RUNHOLDERS.

No. on Map.

Name.

Acreage

142

McLean

46,000

143

Hall.

7,000

144

Harewood.

34,500

145

Russell

34,000

146

Moorhouse.

40,000

147

Wilson & Nugent

54,000

148

Rogers

31,000

149

Moorhouse.

20,000

150

Gray, E.

25,000

151, 152, 153

McDonald Brothers

67,500

154

McDonald.

28,500

155

Jollie.

27,300

156

Cox.

20,000

157

Duppa

26,000

158

Hornbrook.

30,000

159 160

Campion

30,000

161

Hornbrook.

22, 500

No. on Map.

Name.

Acreage

162

Burke

34,500

163

Rhodes

50,000

164

ditto

50,000

165

King.

25,000

166

Rhodes

50,000

167

Innes.

34,500

168

Collier

28,500

169

Thompson.

28,500

170 171

Studholme

45,000

172

Harris

22,500

173

Clifford

34,500

174

Steevens

22,500

175

Pyke.

22,500

176

ditto

20,000

177

Taylor

20,000

178

Gibson

22,000

179

Dashwood.

25,000

180

Meyer

25,000

181

Knight Bruce

25,000

GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON.

[MAP]

MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND, 1855.
THE ENVIRONS OF CHRISTCHURCH

[Advertisements for books]

DECEMBER, 1856.

NEW BOOKS

RECENTLY PUBLISHED

BY

MESSRS. RIVINGTON,

WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL.

I.

SERMONS on the CHARACTERS of the OLD TESTAMENT. By the Rev. ISAAC WILLIAMS, B. D., late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford; Author of a "Harmony of the Gospels with Reflections," in 8 vols. In small 8vo. 5s. 6d.

II.

The FOUR GOSPELS and ACTS of the APOSTLES. With EXPLANATORY NOTES by LORD LYTTELTON. In post 8vo. 8s. 6d.

III.

QUEBEC CHAPEL SERMONS, Vol. III.; chiefly on Practical Subjects: preached in the Former Half of 1856. By HENRY ALFORD, B. D., Minister of the Chapel; Editor of a New Edition of the Greek Testament with English Notes. In small 8vo. 7s. 6d. Also, The FIRST and SECOND SERIES, preached in 1854. In 2 Vols. 12s. 6d.

IV.

The FIRST of JUNE; or, SCHOOLBOY RIVALRY: a Second Tale of Charlton School. By the Rev. H. C. ADAMS, M. A., late Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; Editor of "The Cherry-stones." In small 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Also, TALES of CHARLTON SCHOOL, containing the First of June and the Cherry-stones. 6s. 6d.

V.

AGONISTES; or, PHILOSOPHICAL STRICTURES, suggested by Opinions, chiefly, of Contemporary Writers. By ALFRED LYALL, B. A., Rector of Harbledown, Kent. In this Work the opinions of the following Authors (amongst others) are discussed, viz. Abp. Whately – Whewell – Chalmers – Grote – Lord Brougham – Sydney Smith – Jeffrey – Mill – Brown – Paley – Macaulay – Baden Powell – J. H. Newman – Mackintosh – and Sir W. Hamilton. In post 8vo. 7s. 6d.

VI.

SERMONS on CHRISTIAN PRACTICE. By HENRY ALFORD, B. D., Minister of Quebec Chapel, London, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In small 8vo. 5s.

VII.

The Third Edition of a HISTORY of the PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH in AMERICA. By SAMUEL WILBERFORCE, D. D., Lord Bishop of Oxford. 5s.

VIII.

The Third Volume of the GREEK TESTAMENT: with a Critically revised Text; Various Readings; Marginal References to Verbal and Idiomatic Usage; Prolegomena; and a CRITICAL and EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY in English. By the Rev. HENRY ALFORD, B. D., Minister of Quebec Chapel, London, and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 8vo. 18s.

Lately published, A New Edition of VOLS. I. and II.

IX.

The WEEK of DARKNESS; a SHORT MANUAL for the Use and Comfort of MOURNERS in a House where one lies Dead. By the Author of "Ye Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell." In 18mo. 2s. 6d.

X.

A Second Edition of the HISTORY of the CHURCH of ENGLAND in the COLONIES and FOREIGN DEPENDENCIES of the BRITISH EMPIRE. By the Rev. JAMES S. M. ANDERSON, M. A., Preacher of Lincoln's Inn, and Rector of Tormarton. In 3 vols, small 8vo. £1 4s.

XI.

BABYLON; or, the Question Examined, "Is the Church of Rome the Babylon of the Apocalypse?" By CHR. WORDSWORTH, D. D., Canon of Westminster. Third Edition. In small 8vo. 3s.

XII.

A COPIOUS PHRASEOLOGICAL ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON, founded ou a Work prepared by J. W. FRADERS-DORFF, Ph. Dr. of the Taylor-Institution, Oxford: revised, enlarged, and improved by the late THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M. A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and HENRY BROWNE, M. A., Vicar of Pevensey, and Prebendary of Chichester. In 8vo. £1 1s.

XIII.

An ILLUSTRATED EDITION of SACRED ALLEGORIES. Contents. – -Tho Shadow of the Cross – The Distant Hills – The Old Man's Home; and The King's Messengers. By the Rev. WILLIAM ADAMS, M. A., late Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In small 4to. 25s. in cloth, gilt; or bound in morocco by Mayday, 38s.

*** This New Edition contains numerous Engravings on Wood from Original Designs by C. W. Cope, R. A.; I. C. Horsley, A. R. A.; Samuel Palmer; Birkett Foster; and George E. Hicks.

XIV.

SERMONS on the EPISTLES and GOSPELS. By JOHN HAMPDEN GURNEY, M. A., Rector of St. Mary's, Marylebone; Author of "Historical Sketches," the "Grand Romish Fallacy," &c. In small 8vo. (In the Press.)

Lately published,

SERMONS chiefly on OLD TESTAMENT HISTORIES; from Texts in the SUNDAY LESSONS, 6s.

XV.

THE GREEK TESTAMENT; with ENGLISH NOTES. By CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D. D., Canon of West-minster. Part I. (The FOUR GOSPELS.) In imperial 8vo. 21s.

XVI.

A Second Edition of HOMER'S ILIAD, Books I – IV., with a CRITICAL INTRODUCTION, and copious ENGLISH NOTES. By the Rev. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M. A., late Rector of Lyndon, formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 7s. 6d.

XVII.

A MEMOIR of the Right Rev. DAVID LOW, D. D., formerly Bishop of the United Dioceses of Ross, Moray, and ArGYLe; comprising Sketches of the Principal Events connected with the Scottish Episcopal Church, during the last Seventy Years. By the Rev. WILLIAM BLATCH, Incumbent of St. Johns, Pittenweem, and late Clerical Assistant to the Bishop. In 12mo. 7*'-

XVIII.

FALSE WORSHIP; an Essay. By the Rev. S. R. MAITLAND, D. D., F. R. S., and F. S. A. In small 8vo. 5s. 6d. Also, by the same Author, SUPERSTITION and SCIENCE: an Essay. 2s.

XIX.

An INQUIRY concerning the Principles in the Constitution of Human Nature, which are the CAUSES of MORAL EVIL. By a LAYMAN. In small 8vo. 4s.

XX.

SERMONS and ADDRESSES delivered on Various Occasions. By JOHN KAYE, D. D., late Lord Bishop of Lincoln. Edited by his Son. In 8vo. 16s.

XXI.

SPICILEGIUM SYRIACUM; or, Remnants of WRITERS

of the SECOND and THIRD CENTURIES, preserved in SYRIAC; with an English Translation, and Notes. By the Rev. WILLIAM CURETON, M. A., F. R. S., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and Canon of Westminster. In royal 8vo. 9s.

XXII.

PAROCHIAL SERMONS. By the Rev. GREVILLE

PHILLIMORE, M. A., Vicar of Down Ampney; formerly Student of Christ Church, Oxford. In 12mo. 6s.

XXIII.

The Fourth Edition of the BISHOPRIC of SOULS.

By the Rev. ROBERT WILSON EVANS, B. A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; Author of the "Rectory of Valehead. " In small 8vo. 5s.

XXIV.

The POETICAL WORKS of EDMUND PEEL. In small 8vo. 7s. 6d.

XXV.

DISCOURSES: chiefly deduced from the GOSPELS and EPISTLES of the SUNDAYS and FESTIVALS. By the Rev. JAMES REYNOLDS, B. A., M. R. A. S., &c., Perpetual Curate of St. Mary's Hospital Chapel, Great Ilford, Essex. In small 8vo. 5s. 6d.

XXVI.

The DOCTRINE of the GREEK ARTICLE applied to the CRITICISM and ILLUSTRATION of the NEW TESTAMENT. By the late BISHOP MIDDLETON. With Prefatory Observations and Notes, by HUGH JAMES ROSE, B. D., late Principal of King's College, London. New Edition. In 8vo. 12s.

XXVII.

A SERIES of SERMONS on the EPISTLE and GOSPEL for each SUNDAY in the YEAR, and the HOLY DAYS of the CHURCH. By the Rev. ISAAC WILLIAMS, B. D., late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford; Author of a " Harmony of the Gospels, with Reflections, in 8 vols. " Second Edition. In 3 vols, small 8vo. 10s. 6d.

*** The Third Volume (on the SAINTS' DAYS and other HOLY DAYS) may be had separately. 5s. 6d.

XXVIII.

SOME ACCOUNT of the EXTERNAL GOVERNMENT and DISCIPLINE of the CHURCH of CHRIST during the FIRST THREE CENTURIES. By JOHN KAYE, D. D., late Lord Bishop of Lincoln. In 8vo. 5s.

XXIX.

DIVINE LOVE in CREATION and REDEMPTION: a COURSE of SERMONS, from Septuagesima to Trinity. By HENRY ALFORD, B. D., Minister of Quebec Chapel, London; and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In small 8vo. 5s.

XXX

CHRISTIAN THEISM: the TESTIMONY of REASON and REVELATION to the EXISTENCE and CHARACTER of the SUPREME BEING. By the Rev. ROBERT ANCHOR THOMPSON, M. A. In 2 vols. 8vo. £1 1s.

*** The FIRST BURNETT PRIZE of £1800 was awarded to this Work.

XXXI.

A DEVOTIONAL COMMENT on the MORNING and EVENING SERVICES in the BOOK of COMMON PRAYER, in a Series of Plain Lectures. By JOHN JAMES, D. D., Canon of Peterborough, Author of a "Comment on the Collects," and other Works. Second Edition. In 2 vols. 12mo. 10s. 6d.

XXXII

EVANGELICAL LIFE, as seen in the EXAMPLE of our LORD JESUS CHRIST. By JOHN JAMES, D. D., Canon of Peterborough; Author of a "Comment on the Collects," and other Works. Second Edition. In 12mo. 7s. 6d.

XXXIII.

The CHERRY-STONES or, the FORCE of CONSCIENCE: a Tale for Youth. Partly from the MSS. of the Rev. WILLIAM ADAMS, Author of " The Shadow of the Cross," &c. Edited by the Rev. H. C. ADAMS. Fourth Edition. In small 8vo. 3s. 6d.

XXXIV.

SERMONS, preached at St. Mary's, Oxford. By the Rev. CHARLES PAGE EDEN, M. A., Vicar of Aberford, late Fellow of Oriel College, and Vicar of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford. In small 8vo. 5s. 6d.

XXXV.

ENGLAND'S SACRED SYNODS; a Constitutional History of the CONVOCATIONS of the CLERGY, from the Earliest Records of Christianity in Britain to the Date of the Promulgation of the Book, of Common Prayer. Including a List of all the Councils of the Clergy held in England. By JAMES WAYLAND JOYCE, M. A., formerly Student of Christ Church, Oxford, Rector of Burford (Third Portion). In 8vo. 25s.

XXXVI.

The SAMPLER, a System of Teaching PLAIN NEEDLEWORK in SCHOOLS. By the LADY ELIZABETH FINCH. Second Edition. With Illustrative Engravings. In small 8vo. 4s. 6d.

*** BLANK FORMS for registering the progress of the Work may be had. 6d, per dozen.

XXXVII.

The COMMUNION of the LAITY: an ESSAY, chiefly Historical, on the Rule and Practice of the Church with respect to the Reception of the Consecrated Elements, at the Celebration of the HOLY EUCHARIST. By W. E. SCUDAMORE, M. A., Rector of Ditchingham, and late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. In 8vo. 4s. 6d.

XXXVIII.

The Fourth Edition of the FIRST FRENCH BOOK; on the Plan of " Henry's First Latin Book. " By the Rev. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M. A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 5s. 6d.

XXXIX.

The. Third Series of PAROCHIAL SERMONS, preached in the Parish Church of Heversham, Westmoreland. By the Rev. ROBERT WILSON EVANS, B. D., Archdeacon of Westmoreland; formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and Author of "The Rectory of Valehead," and "The Bishopric of Souls." In small 8vo. 5s.

Also, The FIRST and SECOND VOLUMES. Price 5s. each.

XL.

MEDITATIONS and PRAYERS on the ORDINATION SERVICE for PRIESTS. By the Rev. J. H. FINDER, M. A., Principal of Wells Theological College. In small 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Also, by the same Author, lately published, MEDITATIONS and PRAYERS on the ORDINATION SERVICE for DEACONS.. 1s. 6d.

XLI.

The CHRISTIAN CHARACTER; Six Sermons preached in LENT. By JOHN JACKSON, D. D., Lord Bishop of Lincoln. Fifth Edition. In small 8vo. 3s. 6d.

XLII.

WAYFARINGS in CHRIST; a Selection of SERMONS preached in St. Philip's Chapel, Regent Street. By the Rev. G. D. HILL, M. A., Evening Preacher at Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street. In 12mo. 4s.

XLIII.

A READING COMPANION to the FIRST GERMAN BOOK; containing Extracts from the best Authors, with a copious Vocabulary and Explanatory Notes. By the Rev. THOMAS KERCH EVER ARNOLD', M. A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and J. W. FRADERSDORFF, Dr. Phil. Second Edition. In 12mo. 4s.

XLIV.

NINE CHARGES delivered to the CLERGY of the DIOCESE of LINCOLN; with SOME OTHER WORKS. By JOHN KAY/E, D. D., late Lord Bishop of Lincoln. Edited by his SON. In 8vo. 10s. 6d.

XLV.

A Second Edition of SELECTIONS from CICERO, with ENGLISH NOTES. Part I.: From the ORATIONS; containing the Fourth Book of the Impeachment of Verres, the Four Speeches against Catiline, and the Speech for the Poet Archias. The Notes are taken from several excellent Editions well known in Germany, including those of Orelli, Zumpt. Matthiae, and Klotz. Edited by THOMAS KERCH EVER ARNOLD, M. A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 4s.

XLVI.

PAROCHIAL LECTURES on POETRY and other SUBJECTS. By the Rev. EDWARD MONRO, Incumbent of Harrow Weald, Middlesex; Author of "Parochial Work," "The Parish," and other Works. In small 8vo. 7s- 6d.

XLVII.

The THIRD Volume of PAROCHIAL SERMONS, preached in the Parish Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Dover. By the Rev. JOHN PUCKLE, M. A., Incumbent of the Parish, and Rural Dean. In 8vo. 9s.

XLVIII.

SICKNESS: its TRIALS and BLESSINGS. Fifth Edition. In small 8vo. 5s.

XLIX.

QUESTIONS illustrating the THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES of the CHURCH of ENGLAND: with Proofs from Scripture and the Primitive Church. By the Rev. EDWARD BICKERSTETH, M. A., Archdeacon of Buckingham, and Vicar of Aylesbury. Fourth Edition. In 12mo. 3s. 6d.

L.

The GOSPEL NARRATIVE of OUR LORD'S RESURRECTION HARMONIZED: with Reflections. By the Rev. ISAAC WILLIAMS, B. D., late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. Second Edition. In small 8vo. 7s.

LI.

GROTIUS de VERITATE RELIGIONIS CHRISTIANS. With ENGLISH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. By the Rev. J. E. MIDDLETON, M. A., of Trinity College, Cambridge; Lecturer on Theology at St. Bees' College. Second Edition. In 12mo. 6s.

LII.

PRACTICAL RELIGION EXEMPLIFIED, by Letters and Passages from the Life of the late Rev. ROBERT ANDERSON, of Brighton. By the Hon. Mrs. ANDERSON. Sixth Edition. In small 8vo. 4s.

LIII.

The Fifth Edition of A MANUAL of the RUDIMENTS of THEOLOGY; containing an Abridgment of Bp. Tomline's Elements; an Analysis of Paley's Evidences; a Summary of Pearson on the Creed; and a Brief Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles, chiefly from Burnet; Notices of Jewish Rites and Ceremonies, &c. By the Rev. J. B. SMITH, D. D., formerly of Christ's College, Cambridge; late Head Master of Horncastle Grammar School. In 12mo. 7s. 6d.

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