Observations on the State of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of New Zealand

F. D. (Francis Dart) Fenton

First published by Govt. Printer in 1859

Digitised and made available online by the University of Auckland Libraries and Learning Services.

Epub © 2013 Early New Zealand Books Collection

ISBN 978-1-927288-26-9

[TITLE PAGE]

OBSERVATIONS
ON THE STATE OF THE
ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

F. D. FENTON,
COMPILER OF THE STATISTICAL TABLES OF THE MAORI POPULATION.

NOTE. – The object of the publication by the Government of this Paper is to draw attention to the state of the Native Population, – especially to its decrease in numbers, – with a view to invite inquiry as to the cause, and suggestions of a remedy.

AUCKLAND:
PRINTED BY W. C. WILSON, FOR THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT,
AT THE PRINTING OFFICE, SHORTLAND CRESCENT, AUCKLAND.
1859.

[Page ii is blank]

TABLE SHOWING, AS FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED THE ABORIGINAL NATIVE POPULATION OF NEW ZEALAND.

TABLE

SHOWING, AS FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED

THE ABORIGINAL NATIVE POPULATION

OF

NEW ZEALAND.

TABLE SHOWING, AS FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED THE ABORIGINAL NATIVE POPULATION OF NEW ZEALAND

PROVINCES
AND
DISTRICTS.
MALES.
Under
14.
MALES.
Above
14.
MALES.
Total.
FEMALES
Under
14.
FEMALES
Above
14.
FEMALES
Total.
TOTALS.

PROVINCE OF AUCKLAND.

AHIPARA
95
328
423
93
146
239
662

MURIWHENUA
15
55
70
12
25
37
107

MONGONUI
78
280
358
83
194
277
635

KAITAIA
112
192
304
78
202
280
584

WANGAROA
51
143
194
44
136
180
374

HOKIANGA
317
1,289
1,606
252
931
1,183
2,789

KAIKOHE
38
112
150
25
78
103
253

TE WAIMATE AND TE KAWAKAWA
129
410
539
100
271
371
910

BAY OF ISLANDS
108
342
450
72
209
281
731

WANGAREI
79
154
233
79
117
196
429

NGUNGURU
40
70
110
40
50
90
200

UPPER KAIPARA
70
150
220
60
110
170
390

LOWER KAIPARA
57
250
307
43
140
183
490

CENTRAL WAIKATO
170
213
383
139
166
305
688

LOWER WAIKATO
389
641
1,030
223
476
699
1,729

LOWER WAIPA
66
148
214
30
48
78
292

CENTRAL WAIPA
106
239
345
83
192
275
620

AOTEA
32
131
163
45
130
175
338

WHAINGAROA
80
155
235
48
141
189
424

SEA COAST TO WAIKATO
35
67
102
16
58
74
176

KAWHIA
109
221
330
73
167
240
570

UPPER WAIPA
207
409
616
165
301
466
1,082

MOKAU AND DITTO
237
639
876
184
443
627
1,503

RANGIAOWHIA
154
364
518
148
297
445
963

HOROTIU
179
565
744
177
478
655
1,399

" UPPER
100
245
345
90
100
190
535

THAMES
281
531
812
228
388
616
1,428

AUCKLAND CITY
10
68
78
18
61
79
157

WAITEMATA
43
143
186
27
72
99
285

GULF OF HAURAKI
26
104
130
19
65
84
214

TE WAIROA
37
88
125
31
74
105
230

COROMANDEL.
48
116
164
60
127
187
351

MERCURY BAY
11
20
31
9
16
25
56

MANUKAU
121
204
325
87
179
266
591

MANGAWHAI
24
40
61
14
27
41
105

CARRIED FORWARD
3654
9126
12,780
2895
6615
9510
22,290

TABLE SHOWING (AS FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED) THE ABORIGINAL NATIVE POPULATION OF NEW ZEALAND – continued.

MALES.

FEMALES.

PROVINCES
AND
DISTRICTS.
Under
14.
Above
14.
Total.
Under
14.
Above
14.
Total.
Totals.

PROVINCE
OF
AUCKLAND
– continued.
Brought over
3654
9126
12,780
2895
6615
9510
22,290

TURANGA, HICK'S BAY, &c. (estimated)
..*
..*
4,050
..*
..*
2,750
6,800

TURANGA do.
..*
..*
550
..*
..*
450
1,000

ROTORUA, MAKETU, TARAWERA,
&c. do.
.. *
.. *
1,210
..*
.. *
1,050
2,260

WHAKATANE, OPOTIKI,
&c. do.
.. *
.. *
1,960
. .*
. .*
1,880
3,840

TAUPO do.
180
900
1,080
120
800
920
2,000

NOT detailed
..*
..*
. .*
..*
..*

26

Waikato, Strangers in
..
..
..
..
..
..
53

TOTALS IN PROVINCE OF AUCKLAND
..
..
..
..
..
..
38,269

PROVINCE OF NEW PLYMOUTH.

CAPE EGMONT NORTH TO
THE PATEA R. SOUTH
170
550
720
155
460
615
1,335

TE POUTOKO TO HAURANGA
11
45
56
7
31
38
94

HAMAPARI TO MOKOTUNU
15
51
66
9
21
41
107

WAREA
20
55
75
11
40
51
126

OKAWA to TIPOKA
14
39
53
9
22
31
84

WAITAHA TO PUNGAEREERE
6
18
24
7
10
17
41

TE TAKAPU TO TE UMUROA
13
44
57
8
23
31
88

WAIAUA TO OTUMATUA
3
1
4
0
1
1
5

TE KAWAU, TE HUA,
MANGATI, MOTUROA, &c. ..
33
146
3 79
30
104
134
313

TE TANIWHA, &c.
8
44
52
9
28
37
89

HUIRANGI, WAITARA, &c
52
321
373
51
179
230
603

MANGORAKA AND WAIONGANA
21
71
92
4
34
38
130

TOTALS IN PROVINCE OF
NEW PLYMOUTH
366
1,385
1,751
300
964
1,264
3,015

PROVINCE OF WELLINGTON.

WAITOTARA
51
154
205
44
121
165
370

LOWER WANGANUI
75
202
277
69
168
237
514

MIDDLE WANGANUI
271
964
1,235
236
739
975
2,210

UPPER WANGANUI
63
169
232
63
139
202
434

TRIBUTARIES OF THE WANGANUI
67
164
231
56
142
198
429

RANGITIKEI
94
248
342
85
220
305
647

RANGITIKEI TO MANAWATU
81
322
403
66
187
253
656

MANAWATU
4
26
30
5
18
23
53

MANAWATU TO OTAKI
75
252
327
70
176
246
573

OTAKI
47
175
222
39
120
159
381

WAIKANAE TO PORIRUA
46
174
220
34
126
160
380
PRIRUA

* Information not obtained.

TABLE SHOWING (AS FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED) THE ABORIGINAL NATIVE POPULATION OF NEW ZEALAND – continued.

MALES.

FEMALES.

TOTALS.

PROVINCES
AND
DISTRICTS.
Under
14
Above
14
Total.
Under
14
Above
14
Total.

PROVINCE
OF
WELLINGTON
– continued.

PORIRUA
11
41
52
6
45
51
103

UPPER HUTT
18
53
71
16
37
53
124

LOWER HUTT
47
188
235
41
120
161
396

WELLINGTON
3
33
36
3
24
27
63

WAIRARAPA COAST
56
125
181
45
83
128
309

WAIRARAPA VALLEY
73
111
184
56
101
157
341

CASTLE POINT AND NORTHWARDS
19
57
76
13
27
40
116

FROM TABLE CAPE TO AHURIRI
464
1,079
1,543
419
882
1,251
2,794

AHURIRI TO TAKITAKI RIVER
101
289
390
82
203
290
680

TAKITAKI TO PORANGAHAU
27
84
111
20
68
88
199

TOTALS IN
PROVINCE OF WELLINGTON
1,693
4,910
6,603
1,468
3,701
5,169
11,772

PROVINCE OF NELSON.

TOWN OF NELSON
..
6
6
..
3
3
9

SUBURBAN NORTH
7
7
14
3
7
10
24

MOTUEKA
12
59
71
12
43
55
126

MASSACRE BAY AND THE COAST
FROM SANDY BAY
TO WEST WANGANUI
20
112
132
17
60
77
209

COAST FROM WAKAPUAKA TO PELORUS,
WITH D'URVILLE'S ISLAND
39
30
119
20
28
48
167

QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S SOUND

AND PORT GORE
27
170
197
20
119
139
336

PELORUS AND KAITUNA
15
47
62
12
27
39
101

WAIRAU AND PORT UNDERWOOD
13
78
91
5
52
57
148

TOTALS IN PROVINCE OF NELSON 1
133
556
692
89
339
428
1,120

PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY.

TURAO
59
247
306
48
190
238
544

NOT DETAILED
. .*
.. *
43
.. *
.. *
51
94

TOTALS IN
PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY
59
247
349
48
190
289
638

PROVINCE OF OTAGO.

NEW RIVER AND OUE
5
13
18
6
8
14
32

JACOB'S RIVER
14
26
40
12
24
36
76

ORAUKA
11
21
32
12
25
37
69

MOERAKI
12
57
69
7
40
47
116

WAIKOUAITI
14
50
64
6
38
44
108

OTAGO
9
37
46
11
30
41
87

1   Taken from the statistics for 1855, published by the Provincial Government at Nelson. The numbers are believed to be now somwhat less.

* Information not obtained,

TABLE SHOWING (AS FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED) THE ABORIGINAL NATIVE POPULATION OF NEW ZEALAND – continued.

MALES.

FEMALES.

TOTALS.

PROVINCES
AND
DISTRICTS.
Under
14.
Above
14.
Total.
Under
14.
Above
14.
Total.
Totals.

PROVINCE of otago
– continued.

TAIERI
3
11
14
4
13
17
31

* Name not given
1
1
2
2
4
4
6

TOTALS IN PROVINCE OF OTAGO
69
216
285
60
180
240
525

STEWART'S ISLAND AND
RUAPUKE (estimated) ..
..
..
110
..
..
90
200

Chatham Islands
..
..
247
..
..
203
510

GENERAL TOTALS
..
..
31,667
..
..
24,303
56,049

[MEMORANDA]

MEMORANDUM No. 1.

(CONCERNING THE CENSUS OF 1858.)

Mode of enumeration

The accompanying statistical compilation of the Maori population has been prepared from returns furnished by local collectors, to whom limited districts of enquiry were respectively assigned. The gentlemen employed were selected from among those whose pursuits bring them into constant intercourse with the Native race, and who are therefore best able to acquire the information desired, without exciting jealousy or suspicion.

Value of information

As the value of these statistics is proportionate to the degree of reliance which they are entitled to, the following remarks are extracted from the reports of the collectors in order to enable the reader to form his own opinion on the subject.

Mr. Halse (Taranaki) – speaks of "the prejudice with which the Natives regard any attempt to form an estimate of their number" as an impediment to the more speedy accomplishment of his task.

The Rev. Mr. Reimenschneider, (Taranaki): – "From my long connexion and intimate acquaintance with the Taranaki tribes I have been enabled to collect the above facts and figures, which believe to be – more especially as regards the population itself – as true and correct as it can be ascertained. Owing to the very unfavorable prejudice with which the Natives are wont to regard, and to meet anything, on the part of the Government and the Europeans generally, which is calculated to form an estimate of their number and possessions, it is a matter of exceeding great difficulty to obtain a census of them, such as is exact in every point and item."

Mr. Smith, (Auckland): – "The accuracy of these returns (Kaipara, Thames, Manukau, &c.,) may be relied on, the data upon which they are founded having been ascertained with care." With respect to the population of the Rotorua District, he says, "The Rev. C. M. Spencer, who has undertaken to fill up returns for Rotorua and Tarawera, informs me that he has hitherto found it impossible to complete the task, owing, in some measure, to reluctance on the part of the Natives to communicate the requisite information, and also to the fact that the population is scattered and fluctuating."

Mr. St. Hill, (Wellington, &c.): – "Mr. Buller has been most careful in procuring the requisite information within a radius of about 20 miles from Wellington."

Major Durie, (Wanganui, &c.): – "The information may be depended upon as being as correct as the circumstances will allow."

Mr. Fenton, (Waikato): – "During my enquiries as to the population, I met with less suspicion than I expected, only one tribe entirely refusing information."

Mr. White, (Mongonui, &c.): – "The utmost care in my power has been exercised to insure these returns being as correct as possible. Every settlement has been visited, and, much to my surprise, the information sought has been freely given by the Natives."

Mr. Hamilton, (Canterbury): – "With the exception of the very slight information obtained by myself respecting Arahura, these returns are summaries of a carefully detailed statement prepared by his Honor Mr. Fitzgerald, in which the name of each Maori in the province is shown."

Mr. Wardell, (Turanga, &c.): – "I have used every effort to make these returns complete, but it is a matter of great difficulty to obtain true statistics in matters connected with the Native population, as they are generally suspicious of any enquiries as to their numerical strength or social position, and ill-disposed to afford the necessary information; but I believe the inclosed returns to approximate as near the truth as is possible without a systematic census being taken."

The Rev. Mr. Taylor, (Whanganui and Taupo): – "I have taken the census with very great care, correcting it with previous ones taken at intervals during the last 15 years, and I can therefore vouch for its correctness."

Mr. Johnson, (Wangarei, &c.): – "The returns of population and stock are tolerably accurate."

The remaining enumerators have made no allusion to the accuracy or otherwise of the information supplied by them.

The division of the population into two classes – of non-adult and adult – not so trustworthy as the numbers of the total population.

From the foregoing remarks a favourable estimate of the value of the census may be formed. Still it is evident that elements of uncertainty must exist in information, obtained for the most part in a somewhat cursory manner, from a people to whom thought is often an exertion, and who have little idea of the age of even the younger branches of their own families.

The total numbers, male and female, may, I believe, be received without distrust. Those given for the Province of Canterbury are absolutely accurate; those for Nelson and Otago, a close approximation. The statistics of the population of the Provinces of the Northern Islands are also presented as trustworthy, with the exception of those for some portion of Auckland, in which the numbers are merely estimates, and are stated as such.

The division at the age of fourteen into two classes – Adult and Non-Adult – must not be regarded as equally correct, necessarily depending on the varying conjecture of the individual collector, or the still more uncertain fancy of his Native deputy.

Value of the information as to stock and crops.

The returns, as to the population, are complete, purporting to contain the whole aboriginal population of the colony, (except the Chatham Islands,) but the information as to the amount of stock, and the area of land under native cultivation, is defective and in some cases manifestly erroneous. For instance, at Kaipara Lower, the number of acres in cultivation for wheat barley, oats, maize, potatoes, and garden, is stated to be 1779; the number devoted to "other crops" 870. The formation of even an approximate estimate, among unsurveyed lands, is not to be expected.

There is even reason to think, that any comprehensive scheme to obtain precise information on these subjects would, for some years to come, be rendered nugatory by the ignorance and suspicion of the Maori themselves. The operation of these impediments to statistical knowledge has not been unfelt even in England, and offers much greater obstruction to inquiry in New Zealand, where any proceedings having reference to land are viewed with peculiar suspicion. "There is reason to believe," says Mr. Porter, in his valuable work The Progress of the Nation," that if any comprehensive measure were adopted by the Government, with a view to ascertain the actual condition of the country, as regards its agriculture, so much jealousy and so many groundless fears would be excited in the minds of the persons from whom the information must be sought, that the returns obtained would be extremely erroneous, or so incomplete as to be of little value."

The remarks in this memorandum, therefore, are confined to the question of population.

MEMORANDUM No. 2.

(CONCERNING THE ALLEGED DECREASE OF THE MAORI POPULATION.)

Opinions of the enumerators as to the progress of the population.

The continuous decrease, in numbers, of the Native race is, I believe, admitted by nearly all those who have had the means of forming an original opinion on the subject.

Before entering upon the question of cause, it may be well to quote the remarks of those census collectors who have offered any opinion as to the fact. The reasons assigned by them in support or explanation of their opinions will be found in a subsequent part of this memorandum.

Mr. Heaphy : – "I have long considered that the Maori population was over-estimated as to number, and also that it was fast diminishing. The papers will show that, for the area occupied, it is scanty in the extreme, and that the relative proportion of females to males, and of children to adults, is such as to indicate, as far as the data go, the extinction of the race in a few generations."

Mr. Smith : – "The Ngatiwhakaue tribes are very rapidly on the decrease."

Mr, Kemp, (Bay of Islands): – "A perceptible increase in the population has taken place over many previous years, and the deaths are less frequent."

Mr. Halse : – "I am unable to report in any way favourably of the general condition of the Natives of the New Plymouth District."

The Rev. Mr. Reimenschneider : – "In 1847, the number of souls in this district amounted to no less than 900 and upwards. Their decrease to the present number (588) has resulted from no other cause but mortality. There have been no removals to other parts of the country, but, on the contrary, there has been, more or less, a continued influx of Taranaki Natives, who, at different times and in various parts of the island, have been released from slavery, and have come back and taken their permanent abode here. Put for this circumstance, the figures in the above schedule would have been considerable less than they now stand. One-third at least of the whole population adult are men and women, who are under the decay of nature from old age and who gradually disappear. Mortality is keeping on in steady progress among the whole population, but the most striking feature connected with it is, that it predominantly affects and carries off the younger and youngest people of both sexes. In proportion to the number of deaths that occur, the number of births are, (and have been for more than the last ten years.) far too inadequate to counteract the decrease of the numerical strength of this tribe, so as to secure to it (this tribe) a permanent, or even a long-continued existence as such."

The Rev. Mr. Snackenberg : – "They are less sickly than some others, I think, but are, nevertheless, decreasing."

The three last named gentlemen speak of the same district, – that district which has been more peculiarly agitated by intestine commotions, and the attendant distresses, all tending to shorten life. Their opinions can, therefore, be held to have little general value, and must be construed as applicable only to that portion of the country of which they speak.

Mr. Kemp's remark appears to apply merely to the past year, as compared with previous years. The increase must be very great indeed, that can produce perceptible effects in one year.

Absence of previous official information.
Census taken by missionaries in 1844.

The absence of any previous official census of the Maori population deprives the present enumeration of much of the value that would otherwise belong to it, as affording a certain means of ascertaining the rate at which the people are increasing or decreasing, by comparison with their numbers in previous years. This deficiency has, in some measure, and to a certain extent, been supplied by the kindness of the Reverend Messrs. Maunsell, Ashwell, and Morgan, the resident Church of England Missionaries of the Waikato District, who have furnished the writer with a copy of a very perfect nominal census of the people in that great district, for the year 1844, in which, fortunately, the age of division into adult and non-adult members, is the same as in the census now under consideration. The period of time which has since elapsed, being just 14 years, further simplifies investigation, and affords a very easy proof that all the children, now members of the tribes which these gentlemen numbered, who do not appear in the census of 1844 (immigrants excepted) must be under the age of 14 years.

Comparison of population of 1844 with that of 1858.
Certain tribes taken for minute examination.

With a view to remove the doubt which must attend all calculations based upon figures the perfect accuracy of which is not known, and to obviate the uncertainty which must diminish the value of inferences drawn from premises which are not thoroughly established, recourse has been had to the census above named, and the number of deaths and emigrations amongst the persons then enumerated have been ascertained, in certain tribes indiscriminately taken for the purpose, and also the number of births and immigrations, since the enumeration of 1844.

As all persons conversant with Maori affairs are aware of the great difficulty of obtaining information from, or respecting them, characterized by that great accuracy without which statistics are almost worthless; and as perfect credit will, consequently, not be attached to the information thus obtained, unless evidences of care and caution are abundantly given, the names of the persons alive in 1844 and 1858 respectively, with the whole process gone through, is furnished in the annexed statements.

It may be mentioned, that all the tribes selected for this minute examination, occupy very healthy situations, though of varying physical character, and have made no important migrations during the interval of 14 years, with the exception of Ngatikarewa, who have crossed the river, and a few of Ngatikahu and Tekaitutai, who partially reside now at Tuakau. Ngatitahinga and Ngatikarewa, occupying villages near the mouth of the Waikato, are abundantly supplied with saltwater fish, – Ngatitipa obtain a considerable portion of their food from the same source. Ngatikahu and Tekaitutai form parts of a large tribe, Ngatipou, long celebrated for the value of their eel-preserves; and to the abundance of that food, thence obtained, is attributed the fact, that the members of that tribe are, physically, the largest, and apparently the most healthy, of any Maori in the district. Te Ngaungau, so called from their quarrelsome disposition in former times, inhabit the central plain of Waikato, around Paetai, and, also, obtain large quantities of eels from the adjoining Lake Waikari – Ngatiwhauroa reside on the belt of sandy soil, bordering the river, where it passes through the gorge of the Taupiri range of mountains. The Ngatimahuta people the banks of the lower Waipa for twenty miles, following the serpentine course of the river; and Ngatihinetu and Ngatiapakura are well known as the great wheat-producing tribes cultivating the fertile district around Rangiaohia.

In fact, the food and habits of the people included in this investigation differ in no material matter from those of the great bulk of the aborigines, with the exception that the Rangiaohia people commenced at an earlier period the cultivation of wheat, and continue, to a greater extent than most tribes, the consumption of flour as an ordinary article of food.

It will be observed, that several of the male adults of the tribes Ngatikahu and Ngatitipa are recorded as "shot." These lives were lost at the battle of Te Ihutaroa, in 1846; but the Europeans who then resided near the scene of action, and were in daily intercourse with the people, agree in the opinion that none of the usual evils of a state of war seriously affected the general population, and that the deaths resulting therefrom, were, in fact, confined to those which occurred in the field.

Unfortunately, it cannot be alleged, that the presence of deaths by violence, in these statements, will reduce the cases taken to exceptional ones.

These statements are subsequently referred to as Table No. 1.

[TABLES I-XVI]

TABLE I.

NOTE. – In the succeeding Statements the letters annexed to the names of the Adult Females mean: – a has born children who lived; b has born children who died; c barren.

The first column of figures is a consecutive numbering of the Adult Males; the second column the same of the Adult Females; the third column indicates the number of the Male who was or is the Husband of the Female; the fourth column and the fifth column contain the number of the Adult Female who is the Parent of the Child opposite which the figure is written. When no figure is written, the name of the Mother is not contained in the list.

TABLE shewing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribe Ngatikarewa, residing near Waikato Heads, in 1844, with the survivors in 1858.

ADULT
IN
1844.

NON-
ADULT
IN
1844.

MALES.

FEM-
ALES.

MALES.

FEM-
ALES.

Num
ber.
In
1844.
Alive in
1858,
with new
name
if so.)
Num
ber.
In
1844.
Num
ber
of
hus
band
Alive
in 1858,
with new
name
if so.)

In 1844.
Num
ber
of
Mot
her.
Alive
in 1858,
with new
name
if so.)
In 1844.
Num
ber
of
mot
her
Alive
in 1858,
with new
name
if so.)

1
Toke
Toke
1
Tiraha
4,3
Tiraha
b
Whitikaho
2
Whitikaho
Te Kau
2

2
Amohau
(Shot)
2
Te Ata
3
Te Ata
a
Wiremu
14
Wiremu
Kaiwaka
14
Kaiwaka.

3
Ngakete
Ruhiana
3
Arohaki
4,3
Arohaki
a
Hori
5
Hori

4
Pakanae
Pakanae
4
Hara
3
Hara
a
Paingahuru
2

5
Hone
..
5
Rangihau
3
Rangihau
a

6
Hokohinu
Hokohinu
6
Hinewera
7
Hinewera
b

7
Pangonui
..
7
Heka

Heka
c

8
Te Putu
Te Putu
8
Hua

Hua
a

9
Rapana
Emigrated
9
Ngahuia
5
Ngahuia
c

10
Harata

c

11
Te Reinga

b

12
Hana

c

13
Tohitu

a

14
Makarini

a

15
Kaupapa

c

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1844 | 9 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 13 | 17
Deduct emigrated to 1858 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
Numbers for comparison | 8 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 17
Deaths between 1844 and 1858 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7
Surviving in 1858 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 10

II.

TABLE shewing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribe NGATIKAREWA in 1858.

ADULT.

NON-
ADULT.

No.
Males.
No.
Females.

No.
of
Mother.
Males.
No.
of
Mother.
Females.

Adults in 1844.
1
Tiraha
b
2
Paengahuru
2
Te Kau

1
Ngakete or Ruhiana
2
Te Ata
a
2
Infant

2
Pakanae
3
Arohaki
a
3
Hohua

3
Toke
4
Hara
a
14
Muriwhenua

4
Hokohinu
5
Rangihau
a
8
Kaipuke

5
Te Putu
6
Hinewera
b
8
Kapihana

7
Heka
c
8
Pokaiaka

6
Whitikaho
Non-Adult
in 1844
8
Hua
a
16
Erietera

7
Wiremu
Non-Adult
in 1844
9
Ngahuia
c

8
Hori
Non-Adult
in 1844
10
Kaiwaka

9
Kima
Immigrated.
11
Mata
Immigrated.
c

10
Tipene
Immigrated.
12
Hariata
Immigrated.

11
Tainoa
Immigrated.
13
Harata
Immigrated.
c

14
Hopai
Immigrated.
a

15
Kiripeti
Immigrated.
a

16
Huihuiora
Immigrated.
a

17
Ngareti
Immigrated.
c

SUMMARY.

| ADULT |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1858 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 18
Deduct Immigrants | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7
Population for comparison | 8 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 16 | 11

Number of adult Females who have born issue, now living..... | 8
Ditto ditto ditto dead..... | 2
Ditto barren .......... | 5
Ditto productiveness unascertained ...... | 2

III.

TABLE showing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribes NGATIKAHU and TEKAITUTAI, sub-divisions of NGATIPOU, residing at Tuakau, Te Kakenga, Te Onewhero, and elsewhere, in the year 1844, and the survivors in 1858.

ADULT IN 1844. |  |
MALES. |  |
Number | In 1844. | Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)
1 | Ihaka | Ihaka
2 | Potoromu | Potoromu
3 | Wairemu Tawhio | W. Tawhio
4 | Te Waka | Te Waka
5 | Hohua Taitani | H. Taitani
6 | Rupene | Rupene
7 | Hemi | Hemi
8 | Taukawe | Taukawe
9 | Korongi | Korongi
10 | Nitiniti | Nitiniti
11 | Te Aria | Te Aria
12 | Te Tewe | Te Tewe
13 | Horopapera |
14 | Poihakene |
15 | Ngarere |
16 | Pona |
17 | Parihi |
18 | Ngatake |
19 | Huke |
20 | Taitoko |
21 | Te Rato |
22 | Haki |
23 | Mahanga | Emigrated
24 | Paora | Paora
25 | Hetaraka | Hetaraka
26 | Ahiwera | Ahiwera
27 | Hakere | Hakere
28 | Parera | Parera
29 | Katipa | Katipa
30 | Ihakara | Ihakara
31 | Hoe | Hoe
32 | Hoera | Hoera
33 | Tapahi | Tapahi
34 | Enoka | ...
35 | Rohutu | ...
36 | Kerehoma | (Shot)
37 | Hiahia | (Shot)
38 | Waitara | (Shot)
39 | Ohaia | (Shot)
40 | Wiremu Ahiwera | (Shot)
41 | Waikato

ADULT in 1844.

FEMALES.

Number.
In 1844.

Number of
Husband.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

1
Rangioke
a
1
Rangioke

2
Hera
a
2
Hera

3
Kuraiti
a
5
Kuraiti

4
Wariwari
a
13
Wariwari

5
Hemuata
c
7
Hemuata

6
Riria
c
9
Riria

7
Wekuweku
a
14
Wekuweku

8
Potohaka
a
15
Potohaka

9
Makehu
a
10
Makehu

10
Kumenga
a

Kumenga

11
Raugiutaina
a
18, 32
Rangiutaina

12
Runanga
c
19
Punanga

13
Miriama
a
13

14
Te Iti
c
8

15
Te Wai
c
16

16
Turituri
c

17
Kita
b
20

18
Tahuhu
a

19
Tao
6

Tao

20
Pona
a

Pona

21
Taira
c

22
Tete
c

23
Uaha
a
23
Emigrated

24
Rangihaere
a

do.

25
Rehara
a

do.

26
Waimatao
a
40, 6
Waimatao

27
Ngawiki
a
24
Ngawiki

28
Meri
a
26
Meri

29
Parewai
c
41
Parewai

30
Hi
a
29
Hi

31
Pukewahine
a

32
Onewhero
a
37
Onewhero

33
Meri Paora
a

Meri Paora

34
Rangikapu
a

Rangikapu

35
Rangitakahia
c
27
Rangitakahia

36
Potopoto
c

Potopoto

37
Hineore
c

Hineore

38
Ngaingai
b

Ngaingai

39
Ngatiti
a

Ngatiti

40
Kihikihi
b

Kihikihi

41
Makehu
a

Makehu

42
Ngati
c

Ngati

43
Rangihapu
a
33

44
Mata Paora
a

NON-ADULT IN 1844.

MALES.

In 1844.
Number of
Mother.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

Heta
13
Heta

Hohepa
13
Hohepa

Erueti
2
Erueti

Ihaka
3
Ihaka

Pokiwaho
9
Pokiwaho

Te One
9
Te One

Rerehau
9
Rerehau

Rahoroi
10
Rahoroi

Pukeiti
11
Pukeiti

Tinipaketi
18
Tinipaketi

Matene
24
Matene

Hongihongi
slave
Hongihongi

Utika
13

Henare
2

Infant
13

Pokepoke
8

Ngamako
10

Teiakaha
23

Te Pepene

Te Pepene

Hoeta

Hoeta

Eparaima

Eparaima

Iraia
1
Iraia

Tinga
43
Tinga

Hone
34
Hone

Pina
39
Pina

Patoromu
30

Motumotu
1

Toetoe
41
Emigrated

NON-ADULT in 1844.

FEMALES.

In 1844.
Number of
Mother.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

Mihipepene
13

Roka
13
Mihipepene

Mihi Korama
2
Roka

Ani
2
Mihi Korama

Ripora
13
Ani

Mata Ripeka
13

Pirihira
3

Nohomari
23

Hana
18

Mere Paora
44

Erihapeti

Mere Paora

Kawatania

Erihapeti

Rangirerewa

Kawatania

Pukapuka
32
Rangirerewa

Wahine
41
Pukapuka

Rangitawara

Wahine

Toitoi
41

Emigrated

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| MALES. | FEMALES. | MALES. | FEMALES. | MALES. | FEMALES.
Total Population in 1844 | 41 | 44 | 28 | 17 | 69 | 61
Deduct Emigrations to 1858 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4
Numbers for comparison | 40 | 41 | 27 | 16 | 67 | 57
Deaths between 1844 and 1858 | 18 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 26 | 17
Surviving in 1858 | 22 | 30 | 19 | 10 | 41 | 40

TABLE showing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribes NGATIKAHU and TEKAITUTAI in the year 1858.

ADULT |  |  |
Number | Males. | Number | Females.
1 | Ihaka | 1 | Rangioke a
9. | Patoromn | 2 | Hera a
3 | Wiremu Tawhio | 3 | Kuraiti a
4 | Te Waka | 4 | Wariwari a
5 | Hohua Taitani | 5 | Hemuata c
6 | Rupene | 6 | Riria c
7 | Hemi | 7 | Wekuweku a
8 | Taukawe | 8 | Potohaka a
9 | Korongi | 9 | Makehu a
10 | Nitiniti | 10 | Kumenga a
11 | Te Aria | 11 | Rangiutaina a
12 | Te Tewe | 12 | Punanga c
13 | Heta | 13 | Mihipepene b
14 | Hohepa | 14 | Roka c
15 | Erueti | 15 | Mihi Korama a
16 | Ihaka | 16 | Ani
17 | Pokiwaho | 17 | Waimatao a
18 | Te One | 18 | Ngawiki a
19 | Rerehau | 19 | Meri a
20 | Rahoroi | 20 | Parewai c
21 | Pukeiti | 21 | Wahine a

NON-ADULT |  |  |
Number of Mother. | Males. | Number of Mother. | Females.
9 | Eparaima | 2 | Mata
19 | Paketai | 2 | Meri
10 | Ngahuka | 11 | Ngarohi
| Nihotahi | 9 | Moke
13 | Iehu | 18 | Ruku
13 | Apihai | 18 | Atereti
19 | Hoeta | 19 | Hara
19 | Paora | 19 | Ngarongo
11 | Enoka | 21 | Ngawiki
15 | Boy | 23 | Huhana
11 | Mo | 24 | Tepaea
11 | Boy | 30 | Girl
|  | 7 | Maraia

ADULT. |  |  |  |  | NON-ADULT. |
Number. | Males. | Number. | Females. |  | Males. | Females.
22 | Tinipaketi | 22 | Hi | a |  |
23 | Matini | 23 | Onewhero | a |  |
24 | Hongihongi | 24 | Mere Paora | a |  |
25 | Paora | 25 | Kangikapu | a |  |
26 | Hetaraka | 26 | Rangitakahia | C |  |
27 | Ahiwera | 27 | Potopoto | c |  |
28 | Hakere | 28 | Hineore | c |  |
29 | Parera | 29 | Ngaingai | a |  |
30 | Katipa | 30 | Ngatiti | a |  |
31 | Ihakara | 31 | Kihikihi | b |  |
32 | Hoe | 32 | Makehu | a |  |
33 | Hoera | 33 | Ngati | c |  |
34 | Tapahi | 34 | Mere Paora |  |  |
35 | Te Pepene | 35 | Erihapeti | c |  |
30 | Hoeta | 36 | Kawatania |  |  |
37 | Eparaima | 37 | Rangirerewa |  |  |
38 | Eraia | 38 | Pukapuka |  |  |
39 | Tinga | 39 | Mihi Niumana (img.) |  |
40 | Hone | 40 | Tao | b |  |
41 | Puia | 41 | Pona | a |  |
42 | Tangataware (img.) |  |  |  |  |

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1858 | 42 | 41 | 12 | 13 | 54 | 54
Deduct Immigrants | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
Population for comparison | 41 | 40 | 12 | 13 | 53 | 53

Number of Females who had issue now living | 22
Ditto Ditto dead | 3
Ditto barren | 11
Ditto productiveness unascertained or unknown | 5

IV.

TABLE showing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of a part of the Tribe NGATITIPA, residing near Waikato Heads, in 1844, with the survivors under their new name (if so) in 1858.

ADULT IN 1844.
MALES.

Number.
In 1844.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

1
Kukutai

2
Moihi
Moihi

3
Poihipi

4
Hurori
Huramakape

5
Porima
Waata Kukutai

6
Ngakape
Paraone

7
Te Raoka
Nui

8
Tuahine
Emig. to Ahuriri

9
Kiritewai
Te Kihirini

10
Te Haramite

11
Te Oro

12
Tekaku
Te Warerahi

13
Panekuhukuhu
Te Reweti

14
Kirea

15
Te Waina
Emig. to Hauraki

16
Takaroki
Netana

17
Peho
Ngaone

18
Hoihoi

19
Ngakaheru

20
Tui
Tui

21
Pungapunga

22
Tawharu

23
Epanaia
(Shot)

24
Ngama
Pan a

25
Pairama
Pairama

26
Toa
Toa

27
Whangapo
Whangapo

28
Terangi

29
Tu
Tukaweora

30
Te O

31
Pomare
Teira

32
Ihaia
Ihaia

33
Maka Taurangarahi
M. Taurangarahi

34
Tame
(Shot)

35
Ngapake

36
Erueti

37
Tarera
(Shot)

38
Te Mititai

39
Whakawhiti

40
Te Reinga
(Shot)

41
Pouaka
Arama Karaka

42
Kemo
Kemo

43
Ngataru
Nini

44
Tawa

45
Huka
Nikora

46
Mahia

47
Rahuikawau

48
Maruite

49
Pokepoke
Heta

50
Huka
Ruka

51
Nini
(Shot)

52
Paramene
Paramene

53
Karena
Karena

54
Heta

55
Unahi
Emig. to Haurak

56
Marae
Petene

57
Rawiri
Rawiri

58
Aperahama

59
Te Matenga

60
Urupiro

61
Te Wahatahi

62
T. Te Momi
Tamati Temomi

63
Paloromu

64
Tana
More

65
Epapara

66
Matai
Pita

67
Apoharama

68
Kima
Kima

69
Heremaia

70
Ropati
Ropati

71
Hohepa
Hohepa

72
Henare
Henare

73
Te Whareone
Te Whareone

74
Kae

75
Te Hari

76
Te Whaukotuku

77
Maru

ADULT IN 1844.
FEMALES.

Number
In 1844.

Number
of
Husband.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

1
Kahuhina
a
1
Emig. to Kaipara

2
Karoraina
a
2

3
Rangiako
a
3
Hariata

4
Erihapeti
a
4
Erihapeti

5
Hara
a
5
Hara

6
Mianga
a
6
Maraea

7
Kiwakiwa
a
8

8
Te Reaunga
a
9
Terira

9
Ruhia
a
10
Ruhia

10
Hine
c
11
Hiria

11
Kiri
a
14

12
Paemata
a
16
Ramari

13
Kaha
c
18
Matataia

14
Patuere
b
20

15
Te Wae
b
17

16
Wikitoria
a

17
Rongokino
b

18
Mano
c

19
Parenake
c
64
Mereri

20
Te Ata
a

21
Takutai
c
43
Oriwia

22
Muhu
b
22

23
Muhukai
a

24
Rea
a

Rea

25
Te Amorangi
c
24
Roka

26
Roka
a
25
Roka

27
Nohinohi
a
26

28
Moketata
a
26
Rahapa

29
Rangione
a
27

30
Te Arataki
b

31
Puna
c

32
Meri
b

Meri Ngataru

33
Tuoi
b

Tamara

34
Anipatene
a
32
Anipatene

35
Kahakore
c
45
Pinina

36
Ngaki
b
35
Rihitia

37
Rato
a

Emig, to Auckland

38
Turia
a
35
Turia

39
Kirikiri
c
35
Kirikiri

40
Rahitapu
b
35

41
Uruherea
c
35
Emig. to Pukaki

42
Ngamanewha
c
35

43
Maata
c
36
Maata

44
Pirihira
a
37

45
Kiterina
c
39
Emig. to Ihumatao

46
Katene
a
41
Katene

47
Te Oko
c
42
Emig. to the Pakeha

48
Whakataha
a
43

49
Taiki
a
44

50
Te Hameme
a
46
Te Hameme

51
Ngakumu
c

Emig. to Manukau

52
Kaunga
b

53
Ripora
a
42

54
Rangitarona
a

Rahera

55
Hira
a
42

56
Hariata
a

57
Whango
b

Whango

58
Rangiwawae
c

59
Ngawhiti
a

Mere Kataraina

60
Hepi
a
50

61
Kaitupeka
a
51

62
Tihi
a
52

63
Raiha
a
54
Raiha

64
Ema
a

Emig. to Hauraki

65
Erihapeti
a
58

66
Matehaere
b
59
Emig. to Hauraki

67
Ngarere
c
60
Ngarere

68
Karoraina
b
60
Emig. to Taranaki

69
Huihana
a
63

70
Tipao
c
64
Emig. to Taranaki

71
Riripeti
a
65
Emig. to Maioro

72
Te Kuraituhi
b
67
Turuhira

73
Hererunga
c

74
Tiwhana
c

Tiwhana

75
Pohoi
c

76
Kahumatie
b
52
Kahumatie

77
Kare
a

78
Haehae
c

Rutu

79
Te Turi
a
50
Te Turi

80
Metitiria
b

81
Ripora
c
72
Ripora

82
Whati
a
73
Ngawai

83
Raetoka
b

84
Morungarunga
b

Tawahi

85
Tawahi
a

86
Pare
a

87
Rangiwhakapuru
c
62
Hera

88
Towhanga
a

Namaha

89
Whakaneke
b

NON-ADULT IN 1844.
MALES.

Number
of
Mother.
In 1844.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

1
Pohepohe
Hori

1
Tautehapa
Te Warena, Tautehapa

2
Hori

5
Moke
Maraku

5
Hikaka

6
Arumihi
Ngaruawahie

9
Henare
Henare

Paora

Te Amohau
Epanaia

27
Haereroa
Hohapata

27
No name

28
Mangungu
Rapata

34
Rapata

44
Henare

44
Nikora

44
Matiu

46
Te Aho
Wiremu

48
Rewharewha

49
Matawaerenga

50
Purumene

61
Toha

62
Toroheti

62
Ngawhao
Tehena

65
Raiwete

65
Ihimaere
Ihimaera

82
Piti
Piti

Rawiri

NON-ADULT IN 1844.
FEMALES.

Number
of
Mother
In 1844.
Alive in 1858, with new name (if so.)

1
Hineonea
Em. to Whatawhata

2
Hara
Hara

2
Heni
Heni

4
Ngamako
Tiriti

5
Ngamote

5
Infant

9
Wahinehe
Peti Ramari

Miriama

Erihapeti

Te Paea

28
Ngarete

29
Tinipouaru

38
Ngahuia
Mere Ponamu

Tiria
Miriama

49
Akenihi
Akenihi

55
Rora

56
Rangikanoa

60
Kaone
Hepi

61
Miti
Miti

61
Kanamo
Hariata

62
Rihi

Ponuwhatau

88
Puku
Peaterihi

[Continued

V.

NGATITIPA TRIBE – continued.

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males, | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1844 | 77 | 89 | 27 | 23 | 104 | 112
Deduct Emigrated to 1858 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 12
Basis for Statistical comparison | 74 | 78 | 27 | 22 | 101 | 100
Deaths between 1844 and 1858 | 37 | 33 | 15 | 11 | 52 | 49
Living in 1858 | 37 | 40 | 12 | 11 | 49 | 51

TABLE shewing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the same part of the NGATITIPA Tribe, in 1858.

| ADULT. |
Number. | Males. | Females.
1 (Adult in 1844.) | Moihi | Hariata
2 (Adult in 1844.) | Huramakape | Erihapeti
3 (Adult in 1844.) | Waata Kakutai | Hara
4 (Adult in 1844.) | Paraone | Maraea
5 (Adult in 1844.) | Nui | Terira
6 (Adult in 1844.) | Te Kihirini | Ruhia
7 (Adult in 1844.) | Te Wharerahi | Hiria
8 (Adult in 1844.) | Te Rewetl | Ramari
9 (Adult in 1844.) | Netana | Matataia
10 (Adult in 1844.) | Ngaone | Mereri
11 (Adult in 1844.) | Tui | Oriwia
12 (Adult in 1844.) | Pan a | Rea
13 (Adult in 1844.) | Pairama | Roka
14 (Adult in 1844.) | Toa | Roka
15 (Adult in 1844.) | Whangapo | Rahapa
16 (Adult in 1844.) | Tukaweora | Mere Ngataru
17 (Adult in 1844.) | Teira | Tamara
18 (Adult in 1844.) | Ihaia | Anipatene
19 (Adult in 1844.) | M. Taurangarahi | Pimina
20 (Adult in 1844.) | Arama Karaka | Rihitia
21 (Adult in 1844.) | Kemo | Turia
22 (Adult in 1844.) | Nini | Kirikiri
23 (Adult in 1844.) | Nikora | Maata
24 (Adult in 1844.) | Heta | Katene
25 (Immigrated.) | Topi | Meri
26 (Immigrated.) | Whamahi | Tepaea
27 (Immigrated.) | Hone Piha | Maata
28 (Immigrated.) | Wetere Kawana | Haara
29 (Immigrated.) | Karaka Te Au | Hara
30 (Immigrated.) | Taiwhati | Piko
31 (Immigrated.) | Hohua Tamawhare | Ramarihi
32 (Immigrated.) | Kaiwhata | Riripeti
33 (Immigrated.) | Pohe | Ripeka
34 (Immigrated.) | Pana Amohau | Kahuone
35 (Immigrated.) | Poutotara | Mere
36 (Immigrated.) | Remirahurahu | Kakato (56)
37 (Immigrated.) | Matiu Tuwehewehe
38 (Immigrated.) | Horomona |
39 (Immigrated.) | Nehukaru |
40 (Immigrated.) | Wiremu |
41 (Immigrated.) | Tanga |
42 (Immigrated.) | Puniu |
43 (Immigrated.) | Kirimangungu |
44 (Immigrated.) | Paeturi |
45 (Immigrated.) | Karapu |

NON-ADULT.

Number of
Mother in
previous
table.
Males.
Number of
Mother.
Females.

1
Pinitana
54
Tarati

54
Poihipi
5
Tepaea

54
Reweti
59
Kiriana

2
Mita
7
Hemaima

t
Pane
12
Maata

3
Tihata Kukutai
12
Harongi

4
Te Teira
25
Hana

7
Hami
25
Makueta

7
Heta
48
Miti

9
Utika
48
Harete

25
Winiata
46
Ripeka

48
Poihi
65
Infant

46
Wiremu
50
Rerepo

46
Nuitana
82
Wenerei

53
Eketu o te rangi

Hara, daughter of Kakato,
an immigrant

61
Waipehe

61
Matiu

65
Kima

82
Herepiniha

82
Moe

61
Harawira

62
Tangatakino

63
Paratene

Henare, son of Kakato,
an immigrant

Aramakaraka

Rahera

Hira

Infant

Penata

Tamara

Taati

Miriama

Pehi

Hera

Raihana

Tiriti

Peneharara

Maata

| ADULT – continued. |
Number. | Males. | Females.
46 (Adult in 1844.) | Ruka | Te Hameme
47 (Adult in 1844.) | Paramene | Rahera
48 (Adult in 1844.) | Karena | Whango
49 (Adult in 1844.) | Petene | Mere Kateraina *
50 (Adult in 1844.) | Rawiri | Raiha
51 (Adult in 1844.) | T. Te Momi | Ngarere
52 (Adult in 1844.) | More | Turuhira
53 (Adult in 1844.) | Pita | Tiwhana
54 (Adult in 1844.) | Kima | Kahumatie
55 (Adult in 1844.) | Ropati | Rutu
56 (Adult in 1844.) | Hohepa | Te Turi
57 (Adult in 1844.) | Henare | Ripora
58 (Adult in 1844.) | Whareone | Ngawai
(Adult in 1844.) |  | Tawahi
(Adult in 1844.) |  | Hera
(Adult in 1844.) |  | Namaha
59 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Hori | Hara
60 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Te Warena | Heni
61 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Maraku | Tiriti t
62 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Ngaruawahie | Peti Ramari
63 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Henare | Mere Poumamu
64 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Epanaia | Miriama
65 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Hohapata | Akenihi
66 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Rapata | Hepi
67 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Wiremu | Miti
68 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Tepene | Hariata
69 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Ihimaera | Peaterihi f
70 (Non-Adult in 1844.) | Piti

| NON-ADULT--continued. |
Number of Mother. | Males. | Females.
f | Kapihana |
f | Paora |
f | Apeta |

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1858 | 70 | 63 | 34 | 22 | 104 | 85
Deduct Immigrated | 21 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 28 | 19
Population for comparison | 49 | 51 | 27 | 15 | 76 | 66

Number of Adult Females in the foregoing Table who have had issue now living....46
Ditto ditto ditto dead.........19
Ditto ditto barren..........24
Ditto ditto productiveness unknown..........0

The woman marked thus * has four half-castes, – Hone, Tehira, Harata, Ruhi.

VI.

TABLE shewing the Names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribe NGATITAHINGA (Te Weera), residing near Waikato Heads, in the Year 1844, and the Survivors in 1858.

Adult in 1844,

MALES.

FEMALES.

In 1844.
Alive in 1858,
with new name (if so.)
In 1844.

Number
Alive in 1858,
with new name (if so.)

Ngakani
Ngakani
Ngaahi
a
1
Ngaahi

Tamihana
Tamihana
Te Wai
a
2
Te Wai

Hemi
Hemi
Topaea
c
3
Topaea

Ihaka
Ihaka
Pirimako
a
4
Pirimako

Paora
Paora
Mata
c
5
Mata

Hoete
Hoete
Kateraina
b
6
Kateraina

Te Hura
Te Hura
Oriwia
a
7
Oriwia

Rapata
Rapata
Ohoturi
a
8
Ohoturi

Waka

Parekaina
a
9
Parekaina

Manihera

Rereatua
a
10
Rereatua

Koi

Nganui
c
11
Nganui

Kereopa

Mihirangi
c
12
Mihirangi

Hohua

Motai
c
13
Motai

Mehuana

Pakia
b
14
Pakia

Kahukoti

Riria

15
Riria

Tarahou

Tawhirione
c
16

Tuari
Emigrated
Mihipoata
a
17

Putoetoe
Ditto
Karoraina
a
18

Raharuhe
Ditto
Tauwhanga
a
19

Karaka
Ditto
Ngaraka
b
20

Mere
b
21

Hoana
a
22

Piko
a
23

Erihapeti
a
24

Huhana
c
25

Tuna
a
26

Rongokore
c
27

Hinewaikohi
c
28

NON-ADULT IN 1844.

MALES.

FEMALES.

In 1844.
Number of
Mother.
Alive in 1858,
with new name (if so.)
In 1844.
Number of
Mother.
Alive in 1858,
with new name (if so.)

Tukotahi
17
Tukotahi
Mere
17
Mere

Te Rei
17
Te Rei
Mananoa
17
Miriama

Ngawaka
9
Ngawaka
Mihipepene
18

Hori
4

Infant
4

Hapiata
4

Hori
19

Pehimana
20

Hone
22

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTALS. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1844 | 20 | 28 | 8 | 4 | 28 | 32
Deduct Emigrations to 1858 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0
Numbers for comparison | 16 | 28 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 32
Deaths between 1844 and 1858 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 15
Surviving in 1858 | 8 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 17

Number of adult Females named in the above table who have born children now living.........14
Ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto dead.........4
Ditto ditto ditto barren .......9
Ditto productiveness unascertained or unknown.......1

TABLE shewing the names of the Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribe NGATITAHINGA, in 1858.

ADULT.

NON-ADULT.

No.
Males.
No.
Females.
No.
of
Mother.
Males.
No.
of
Mother.
Females.

1
Ngakani
1
Ngaahi
2
Te Tuhi
4
Mata

2
Tamihana
2
Te Wai
6
Ngaki
8
Ani

3
Hemi
3
Topaea
6
Puaha

Roka

4
Ihaka
4
Pirimako
6
Te Whareroa

Turuhira

5
Paora
5
Mata
4
Hirini
7
Infant

6
Hoete
6
Kateraina
7
Tamehana
18
Pirihira (immigrant)

7
Te Hira
i
Oriwia
13
Iringa
18
Apikeira (immigrant)

8
Rapata
8
Ohoturi

Pohipohi
(son of Tauwhanga, dead)

9
Herewini Tukotahi
9
Mere

10
Hairuha Ngawaka
10
Miriama
18
Wiremu (immigrant)

11
Te Rei
11
Riria
18
Watene (immigrant)

12
Parekania

13
Rereatua

14
Nganui

15
Mihirangi

16
Motai

17
Pakia

18
Karoraina Tohu
(an immigrant)

SUMMARY.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
Total Population in 1858 | 11 | 18 | 10 | 7 | 21 | 25
Deduct immigrants | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3
Population for comparison | 11 | 17 | 8 | 5 | 19 | 22

VII.

STATEMENT of Adult and Non-Adult Members of the Tribe Te NGAUNGAU, for the year 1844: showing the Deaths since that year (marked *), the Emigrations (marked t), the abstractions of Females by the Pakeha (marked f), and the surviving persons born since 1844.

ADULT.
MALES.
* Te Pake
Hone Kingi
t Taratauapa
Hirini
t Hami
Paora Puni
Reihana
Iharaira
* Ikeike
* Tau
Ngapukapuka
Kutikuti
Materato
Motutarata
Hemi
Heta
Eruera
Reiroa
Te Okioki
Tarawhiti
Reweti
* Hamiora
t Hakiaha
Raniera
Ahimaroki
t Iraia
Puhipuhi
* Penehamene
Ngakomuru
t Tewani
Tewhana
Maihi
* Pene
Ngakuku
* Karapu
Karapuha
Nganiho
* Pita
* Whaoko
Pouaka
* Hohua
* Hapatake
* Tarapuhia
* Te Huirama
* Te Tana
* Te Puha
* Paratoinga
* Teruakoiwi
* Waata
* Wiremu
* Terowitu
Ngaraiti
Kepe
t Tengengero
* Erietera

FEMALES.
* Mata a
* Turia c
t Ngeru a
t Mata a
Roka c
Mereana a
t Rite a
Ngawaro b
* Te Wahine a
* Tiki a
Ngapire a
Paia a
* Taukawe a
* Hemoata c
Pirihira a
* Peti c
* Meri a
t Ripika a
* Turuhira b
Rangiuaina b
* Peti b
t Ngaki b
* Waitara b
* Makereta b
Tarepa c
Mata a
Mata Paipa a
* Karito c
Kawe a Poti c
Kuao b
Kohutopuni a
Taka b
* Kari b
* Meke a
* Pareaute c
* Karo a
Riripeti c
Whakai a
Ngawai a
Kumeroa c
Whakaheke a
Tukupu a
* Waitutu a
Hera a
t Mata a
Mere oti c
* Ngahake 1 a
Tingatinga c
t Ngaraihi a
t Onekino a
Hariata a
Ripora a
* Huhana a
Wife of Tewhana c
Napa c
Harongi c
NON-ADULT.
MALES.
Hori Te Pake
* Whengamatau
Rihari
* Pepe
Karaka
Matena
t Perereka
Rokena
* Aputaki
Wiremu
Ewena
Tangiora
Porutu
Rapata

FEMALES.
Peti
Hara
Hera
Hariata
Mata
Rewa
* Tokomapuna
* Pepe
* Rongo
* Meri

1   Had a half-caste child.

Born since 1844 and alive in 1858.

MALES
Pene
Tamati
Paora
Raniera
FEMALES
Hera
Mere
Karito
Karo
Rona
Riria
Merepeka
Paea
Hana
Pepe

SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING STATEMENT.

| ADULT |  | NON-ADULT |  | TOTAL. |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females | Males. | Females
Total population of 1844 | 55 | 57 | 14 | 11 | 69 | 68
Deduct emigrants | 7 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 9
Numbers for comparison | 48 | 49 | 13 | 10 | 61 | 59
Deaths between 1844 & 1858 | 20 | 20 | 3 | 4 | 23 | 24
Surviving in 1858 | 28 | 29 | 10 | 6 | 38 | 35
Population of 1858 | 38 | 35 | 4 | 10 | 42 | 45

Number of wives with issue living.......32
Number of wives with isssue dead..........10
Number of wives barren.............15
[Total] .......................57
Females abstracted by the pakeha..........0

VIII.

Similar STATEMENT respecting the Tribe NGATIWHAUROA.

ADULT.
MALES.
P. Urakia
Piripi Tikirahi
Mohi Haki
Wi. Tanewa
* Aparahama Kimi
* Hemera Huhua
* Hohua Kikiki
* Ihaka Ngongo
* Niko Wairoa
* Heroa
Ruamano
Heremaia Tana
Rawiri Wareiro
* Ihaia
Timoti Ngakoura
* Rangimaunu
** Pepeni Rapaka
Hona
* Natanahira
Hona Tana
* Tamati Hopa
Eparaima Puraho
Manahe Kohimutu
Ngarua(of Ngatihaua,
2nd husband of
Meri Wairoa)

FEMALES.
Ka Urakia a
Ripeka Tikirahi a
Hiria a
Miriama Haki a
Hara Tanewha a
Ngapongo a
* Takahi Kimi c
* Rahara Ruamanu c
* Parau Kikiki c
* Ikamakutu b
Korama Piapaka c
Hapa b
* Erihapeti Hopa a
Meri Wairoa a
* Ramaria Rangim. c
Te Ao Wareiro a
* More a
* Tekore c
* Hinawera c
Mere Hopa a
Tepaea Tanu a
Makereta Ruam. a
Hera Puraho a
* Mihipoata a
NON-ADULT.
MALES.
Poari Urakia
* Erueti Tikirahi
Paora ditto
* Hamiora Haki
* Erueti Tanewa
Hori Tanewa
* Ahimerika Tanewa
Mohi Tanewa
* Pepe Wairoa
Hakaraia Tana
* Hohua Ngakoura
* Pepe Ngakoura
* Rao
* Manahe Puraho
Rupene Te Whana
Penehamene Hopa
Rawiri Puraho

FEMALES.
** Pirihira Urakia
Rora Urakia
* Pinina Urakia
Karoraina Urakia
Ameria Urakia
* Tepaea Tikirahi
Harata Tikirahi
* Materia Haki
Meri Ngapongo
* Turuhira Hopa
Harata Wairoa
Katarina Wairoa
Rora Hona

BORN SINCE 1844, AND ALIVE IN 1858.

MALES
Te Hira Tikirahi
Takerei Tikirahi
Te Wiremu Haki
Erueti Tanewa
Paora Wairoa
Reihana Wairoa
Natanahira Tana
Penehamene Tana
Te Huirama Tana
Hohani Ruamano
Pepe Ruamano
Hohepa Puraho
Huia Puraho
FEMALES
Meri Tikirahi
Roka Tikirahi
Katene Haki
Pepe Haki
Riria Hopa
Haruta Hopa
Ema Hopa
Rawinia Tana
Pepe Tana
Metiria Ruamano
Huhana Ruamano
Roka Hona
Raiha Puraho

N.B. – The husband of Meri Wairoa is included, though belonging to Ngatihaua, because their children appear in the list.

N.B. – Besides three half-caste children from Urakia's daughter.

SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING STATEMENT.

| ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |  |
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Total.
Total population of 1844 | 25 | 24 | 17 | 13 | 42 | 37 | 79
Deduct Emigrants | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2
Deduct gone to the pakeha | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Numbers for comparison | 24 | 23 | 17 | 12 | 41 | 36 | 77
Deaths sinco 1844 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 19 | 15 | 34
Survivors in 1858 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 22 | 21 | 43
Population in 1848 | 22 | 21 | 13 | 13 | 35 | 33 | 68

Number of Wives with issue living | 15
Ditto Ditto dead | 2
Ditto barren | 7
Females gone to the Pakeha | 1

IX.

Similar STATEMENT respecting part of the Tribe NGATIMAHUTA.

ADULT.
MALES.
Takerei Te Rau
Karaka Ngaiwi
Matiaha Ngareto
* Patara Ngaroi
Paora Te Tarua
Tama Te Tarua
* Horuri Ngautoka
* Pakapaka
* Hemera Te Ngahuru
Reti
Tarapini Te Matao
* Wahapu
Niko Ikopoto
Pene Toro
Hihi
Pairama Rore
* Hika Ngataru
Anaru
Matin Taihako
* Hemi Tetaheha
* Rihi Taumaihi
* Karipu Ngapipi
* Rauiri Kukeke
* Poporo
* Mangapiko
Te Wata
Karewhati
* Whakano
Tirata
Ketekete
Ngahaka
Rawiri Waipa
Maungaotama
Tahupirau
Pene Puaha
Neha Powaka
Wi Te Ipu
Horomana Wahanui
t Timoti Moninoa
Hoera
* Harione Rowawa
Tamarua
Rohi
* Ngapiko
Haira
Tamati Kapua
Tapuwha
Wetere
Watarauhe Te Puku
t Wiremu Kumete
t Tiorea
* Ngatimahuta
Horomona
t Kereopa Wharepouri

FEMALES.
Ngaoko Te Rau
Ramomi Te Rau
* Ripeka Ngaiwi
Ripora Ngareto
Tarita Ngaroi
* Pahimata Taharua
Ripeka Ngautoka
* Hia Pakapaka
* Haeata Ngahuru
* Turia Reti
* Moetara Toro
* Karaihi Ikapoto
* Kuia
* Mia
* Kangahikau
* Pahire
Mere Taihaku
Ngatiti Tetaheha
* Hera Taumaihi
Mere Taumaihi
* Turia Taumaihi
Merepeti Kukeke
* Ngawari Tepoporo
Mangapiko
* Taumata Mangapiko
* Mowiti Wakano
Tipotipo
Ruarua Ngangoto
Hemota Waipa
Hana Maungaotama
Ngapipi
Hera Tepuaha
* Hoana Powaka
Hera Te Ipu
* Meri Wahanui
t Roka Moninoa
Ripeka
* Muruki Hana
Rowawa Waiho
* Hariata Kapua
Miriama Kapua
* Kara Tapuwha
Hara Kumete
Maikaru Tepuke
* Rohirohi
Hera Tewarekura
* Peti Te Wakaihi
* Ramari Ngawaka
Harata Koinaki
Kataraina Te Aitu
NON-ADULT.
MALES.
Mekata Te Rau
* Tupuna Ngaiwi
Ngaiwi
Nepe Ngareto
Heperi Tarua
* Ripata Pakapaka
Mahi Pakapaka
Hori Reti
Tamati Tipati
* Rawiri
Ngakoti
Pepe Pino
Paringaringa Piko
Maruhua Te Puaha
* Tepene Te Puaha
Hone Te Puaha
Keremeneta Te Puaha
* Karaka Powaka
Erueti Powaka
* Hakaraia Te Ipu
* Pepe Ngapiko

Born since 1844
and alive in 1858.

Ruru Petuere
Takotokino Tetaheha
Ngarara Tetaheha
Reni Tetaheha
Te Iwi Taumaihi
Taiamai Taumaihi
Mohi Waipa
Karaka Mangaotama
Hiakai Tepuaha
Hone Rowawa
Hohepa Waiho
Aparahama Waiho
Paora Tapuwha
Tepore Tapuwha
Rapana Tepuke
Tamutaku Tepuke
Reihana Tepuke
Puhipi Te Wharekura
Erueti Te Wharekura

FEMALES.
Tepaea Terau
Hoana Ngaiwi
Hariata Ngaripo
Ripeka Tarua
Turia Ngahuru
* Pe e Ikapoto
* Huhana Rore
Ku Mangapiko
Wawata Mangapiko
Pepe Waipa
Mere te Ipu
Hera te Ipu
* Mirika Wahanui
* Harona Moninoa
* Mere Papuwha
Rora Tepuke
* Huhana Tepuke
Poi Rohi

Born since 1844,
and alive in 1858.

Hera
Tepaea Taumaihi
Tepaea Mere Taumaihi
Mere Waipa
Karo Waipa
Mere Te Ipu
Hoana Muruki
Hira Waiho
Konaiti Tepuke

N.B. – The husband of Wharekura is included, though belonging to and living with Ngatihaua, because she and several children appear amongst Ngatimahuta.

Summary of the foregoing Statement.

|  | ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL.
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females
Total Population of 1844 | 55 | 50 | 29 | 19 | 84 | 69
Deduct Emigrants | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1
Numbers for comparison | 51 | 49 | 29 | 19 | 80 | 68
Deaths since 1844 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 6 | 24 | 30
Survivors in 1858 | 35 | 25 | 21 | 13 | 56 | 38
Population in 1858 | 56 | 38 | 19 | 9 | 75 | 47

X.

Similar STATEMENT respecting the tribes NGATIKOURA, PATUKOKO, NGATINAENAE, and NGATIRURU (part).

ADULT.
MALES.
* Mokorou
Heremaia Tepuahi
t Piripi Monahi
* Raihia Rahanui
* Raniera Hakiri
Wiremu Tara
Horomona Maruhau
Tuituha Hori
t Maru
* Watarauhe Hamaka
* Tanutanu
Te Tiwa
Hakopa Ngaruhi
Hoani Awaiti
Hikoia
lhirangi
* Hoihoi
* Ahinui
Ngakuru
Ngauku
Tarawheti
Ngakete
f Papahia (Taranaki)
Atuawera
Ririkotahi
Titipa
Kiwi
Repo
* Katete
* Huirua
Horoparera (unknown)
Taungahuru
Taurua Te Tera
Papaka
Pihanga (unknown)
Titaha
* Ngawetu
f Ngataro
Wa Mihaka
* Ringaringa
* Pukapuka
* Whakatau
Pita Te Kawa
Paora Ngahuku
* Haroa
Ihikera Pehikohura
Rupene Punga
* Parakiri
* Ngawake
Hemi Waikato
Mere
Watena
Matena Kopua
Mungumungu
Taraimia
Tikapa Pirika
Tangatahe
* Rangiirika
f Whiua
* Ngawhai
* Hone Hatoitoi
Tamihana Ngaruhi
Pehi
Parareka
Nganiha
Haki
* Hararu
Ngamotu
* Waiata Kaiamo
f Muruki
* Rahoroi
* Hokoraukawa
Takikapura
Kimahore
* Hurukawau
* Wi Hopihana
Rangitoro
* Pohekino
* Tito
Takahia Ngahuhu

FEMALES.
Karoraina Mokorou a
* Ngawaro c
Ngahopi a
Kumara a
Watewate c
* Ngamaha Puahi c
* Tamara Tara a
Rangikaurako a
* Ruta Tara a
* Riria Maruhau c
* Hana Hori c
* Harata Maru c
Kahu Watarauhe a
Turuhira Ngaruhe c
* Karoraina Anea a
* Hoana Kiriahi
Mere Ngaro a
* Rakapa b
* Rauroha c
f Ngahora
* Waikauri a
Erana Hopihana * a
Miriama Awaiti c
* Iroikoia c
* Rangiwai c
* Pikonoa Ahinui c
Rangimania Ngakuru a
* Tukuhare Ngauku a
* Monoa a
Tarutu Titipa c
* Ruhiruhi Tekiwi b
Kurapopo Repo c
* Ngakohu Katete c
Keteriki Taungahuru a
Riria Taurua a
t Hurikino Mihanga
* Netangata Titaha a
Kakangawhetu c
* Ngaone Ngataro a
Te waangapaira Towai a
Tahuti (unknown)
Kopa (unknown)
* Kahupora c
* Hamunui c
* Ngapairangi c
Rangitaiki (unknown)
* Hoana Ngia c
* Parehuia c
* Parehuia Whakatau c
Pure b
* Pirihira Te Kawa b
Mihi Nahuhu a
Merene Haroa a
Raparapa Pehikohuru c
* Hoana Punga c
* Ripeka Ngawaki c
Ngapiri Waikato c
Irihapeti Temere a
Reihara Ahukaramu a
Ngareti Tekopua a
Hirenawe Mangumangu a
* Ngatapa Taraimia b
* Rohata Taraimia a
Anipatene Hatoitoi c
Riria Ngaruhi a
* Pakura Pehi c
* Irihapeti Parareka a
* Nopinopi Urukawau c
t Peneti Nganiho
* Pairoa Ngaketi b
* Harata Ngaketi a
* Roka Haki c
Hunuru c
* Nakinaki Hararu a
* Iria Ngamotu b
* Waitutu Waiata c
* Hei Moruki c
* Tautoka Rahoroi c
* Patu Rahoroi b
Erihipeti Hokoraukawa c
* Ngangero c
* Pukauwai b
Kokuhu a
Teo c
f Aomaringiringi
* Kauahore Roka c
* Ahipoaonui Tito
NON-ADULT.
MALES.
Hemi Mokorou
Mangatautari Mokorou
* Puangi Mokorou
* Rawiri Tara
* Pene Ngaruhi
Awaitaia
* Hetaraka Ngaio
Rapata Ngaio
Pungahuru lhirangi
* Puata Ngakuru
Waenganui Ngauku
Taheha Ngauku
Maungawhea Ngauku
Heahea Huirua Powhero Hakihaki
Ngorongoro Taungahuru
t Panekoki Titaha
* Katipo Ngataro
* Rako Ngataro
* Hauotu
* Taiaha
* Potae
* Hori Te Mere
* Karokaro Mungungu
* Poroniki Taraimia
* Tinipoaka Taraimia
Tohora Parareka
* Warehaikiha Nganiho
* Te Kekeno Ngakete
Te Nahu Ngakete
* Urehina Ngakete
Ririkotahi Hararu
Hakiri Hararu
* Eruena
Tamati Rangitoro
* Erueti Te Kawa
* Wi Te Kawa
* Pene Te Kawa
* Hokoraukawa
* Mokorou Tito

FEMALES.
* Puka
* Mere Wahatapuhe
* Hareti Wahatapuhe
* Maata Wahatapuhe
Rawinia Mokorou f
Rawinia Waikauri
Rihipihi Mungumungu
* Ngawari Taraimia
Rangiwawa Mokorou
Iwikiraukawa Mokorou
* Hemaima Hamaka
* Hohana Hamaka
Anipatene Hamaka
Koripi Ngaio Ngauta
* Ngakino Huimoi
Kerokero Ngakuru
* Ngangoi Ngakuru
Ngarama Ngakuru
f Pakiteahu Moana
* Koke Ngauku
Hinekino Papaka
* Ngakari Titaha
* Ngamaha Te Kawa
* Erihapeti Ngahuhu
Hera Ngahuhu
Merepeti Te Mere
Hera Ahukarama
Ripeka Ngaruhi
* Tiakikai Rahoroi
Eripeti Hokoraukawa

Children of the foregoing Adults and Non-adults born since 1844 and alive in 1858.

MALES
Takoki Rangikamanga
Wiremu Hopihana
Whakatau Taungahuru
Te Taka Ngataro
Hone Ngataro
Honana Ngataro
Aporo Waikauri
Te Wharepouri Waikauri
Reihana Mihaka
Takahia Ngahuhu
Henare Ngahuhu
Hori Ngahuhu
Rupene Haroa
Tamati Haroa
Hihona Temere
Matena Te Kopua
Paora Taraimia
FEMALES
Hariata Rangikamanga
Nganehu Tara
Hananui Watarauhe
Hemaima Watarauhe
Mere Hopihana
Pareaute Ngahuru
Raima Taurua
Ruhia Ngataro
Hererunga Ngataro
Rawinia d
Hera Ngahuhu (2nd)
Mere Te Mere
Metiria Te Kopua
Tiriana Te Kopua
Mari Taraimia
Ramariho Parareka
Rahera Ngakete
Hira Ngamotu
Turuhira Hounui
Naneho Ngakuru
Hera Ahukaramu
Mere Titaha

* This woman has had 15 children, 3 of whom are now living, 2 natives and 1 half-caste. The dead 12 were Maori.

t Married to a white man, by whom she had two children. Is now living with a Maori husband.

f Has one half-caste. She is now living with a Maori husband.

d Daughter of Rawinia Mokorou.

XI.

SUMMARY.

| ADULT |  | NON-ADULT. |  | TOTAL. |  |
| Males. | Females | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Total.
Population in 1844 | 80 | 8 | 40 | 30 | 120 | 117 | 237
Emigrated | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 |  |  |
Abstracted by the Pakeha | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 8 | 18
Unknown. | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 |  |  |
Numbers for comparison | 71 | 80 | 39 | 29 | 110 | 109 | 219
Deaths since 1844 | 27 | 48 | 24 | 14 | 51 | 62 | 113
Surviving in 1858 | 44 | 32 | 15 | 15 | 59 | 47 | 106
Population of 1858 | 59 | 47 | 17 | 22 | 76 | 69 | 145

Similar Statement respecting the Tribes NGATIAPAKURA and NGATIHINETU residing at Rangiaohia.

ADULT.
MALES.
Kahawai
Ngakino
Kiripakoko
Mura
* Totara
Rori
Tuahu Kahawai
Piri Kahawai
Ngarimu
Aperahama Penga
Teporia
* Wareponga
Tihinui (Takirau)
Hongihongi
Taukawa
Tarete
Witiki
Rongotoa
Taipuhi
Toko
* Ngakao
Taramu
* Harihari
Pirini
Paratene Iwingaro
Paraone Iwingaro
Rawiri Ringahuhu
Pauinga
Tikotiko
* Tehe
Tawhio
Naihi
* Okewa
Karahe
Hukarere
* Makitawa
* Ponui
Koutu
Kaweka
Hioi
Keu
Watu
Weropu
Mangai
Tumuange
Rangiorakawekawa
Kapa
Kanohi
Taiko Ngakino

FEMALES.
Ngakawa Kahawai c
Mihi Kahawai c
Mio Kahawai a
* Ngahuia Totara c
Pekirere Mura a
Neke Ngakino a
Towhinga c
Kuia Kiripakoko a
Ika c
Ngape c
* Tatai a
Irihapeti Ruinga Totara c
* Rangikikiwa Tuahu a
Kui Rori a
Pohipi c
* Moni Ngarima c
* Ngawewe Teporia a
Horoia Wareponga a
Rangiaohia Wareponga c
Kerepo Wareponga a
Taukitua Tihinui b
WakamateHongihongi a
Hera Hongihongi a
Ngakauri Hongihongi a
Hoine Witiki c
* Kia Rongotoa b
Huhia Ngakao c
Rangiora Taramu a
Kataraina Iwingaro a
Huihana Ringahuhu a
Ngo Pauinga a
Ngapuke Tikotiko a
Karihi Tehe c
* Himo Tawhio a
Pukematai Naihi b
Hingara Okewa a
Karahe a
Tokatoka Makitau c
* Oko Koutu a
Puna Kaweka a
Keu a
* Hoine Weropu c
Rangimanako Tumuange b
Kaikero Kapa a
* Tuhuahi Kanohi a
* Hirere Taiko c
NON-ADULT.
MALES.
Mura
Unahi
Pungerehu Hongihongi
Paketara Hongihongi
* Watene Iwingaro
* Eruera Ringahuhu
Pauinga
Pauinga
Pauinga
Pauinga
* Pehikohuru Tehe
Tawhio
Tawhio
* Ngohi Whakapo
Rini Ruaki
* Ngaki Mataikapua
* Ihaka Notara
* Karitawa
* Tumata
Tahawai Tangahoe
* Koipu Waraunga
Tahiiwi Moananui
Hamara Wangamata
Ngehe Wangamata
* Kokorewhenua
* Ngapatu Warangi
Takikake Warangi
Ruaki Hore
Wetoweto Hukanui
Ngara Ngaehe
* Mohiti Te Kohi
Waru Tikona Ponaute
Ihiti Ponaute
* Painui
Kau Tuhua
Kiwa Nohomotu
Tipa Nohomotu
* Raupatu
Raupatu
Raupatu
* Wani Rewarewa
* Tuhua Hamanu
Hamanu
Mouhaere Piritaha
Puka Piritaha
Matiu Piritaha
Taiuri Hore
Te Hemara Toinako
Heketanga Poa

FEMALES.
Wikitoria
Mura
Taringamoka Ngakino Ngape
Kirimahunu Rori
* Paia Tihinui
* Turama Tihinui
* Kuini Hongihongi
* Wirahiko Rongotoa
Mere Ringahuhu
* Pauinga
Pauinga
Tawhio
Tawhio
Okewa
Tumuange
Pokepoke Ruaki
Girl Ruaki
* Rangiweoro Awakeri
* Nana
* Rangikaho Pakanui
* Koipu
Meri Tangahoe
* Rangaiohia Waraunga
* Raro Waraunga
Mihikeno Moananui Wangamata
* Araruri Nani
Kiwera Hore
Taehuri Hore
Makimaki Hukanui
* Rewa Parinui
Tarati Ruawari
Rauinga Ngaehe
Tihoi Hura
Nanapi Kohi
Hanga
Hanga
t Rangihaeremarie Pumai
Tio Raupatu
Raupatu
Kiri
Hamanu
Ngeua
Ngeua
* Rangipiata Piritaha
Paea Rewharewha
* Warangi Tutaki
t Tarore Tiaho

Continued

XII.

ADULT.
MALES.
Hu Rori
Rongotoa
Wakarua
Kaewa
Awio
Mata
Wakapo
Roria Wakapo
Ruaki
Petara Parinui
Mataikapua
Waitara
Riki
Karitawa
Ngarata
Waterea Mateara
* Pokipoki
Mako
* Karaka Ruapeka
* Tawera
* Paengatai
Awakeri
Tara
* Nakunaku
* Kariri
Hetaraka
Puia
* Pure
Kato
Hana
* Noho
Puitangata
* Raiwara
* Kurupai
Nana
Maumate
Tumata
Taka
Ikeike Taka
Hakirau
Hona Pakanui
* Ngahongaho
Ngawahie
Namunamu
Hori
* Koipu
Kapuni
Tu
* Peiora
Mangeo
Iwi
Tangahoe
Hikuhiku
Puaha
Waraunga
Ariki
* Moananui
Wareumu
Torowai
* Tahimarae
Ngatorotu
* Urututu
* Aotea
Ngara
Ngangaia
Wangamata
* Atama Hoiroi
Tukituki
Tika
Pototara
Wirihana Raunga
Nani
* Ngakete
Wenua
Tipene Wataraite
Herehere
Warangi
Taukino
Tama

FEMALES.
Rongotoa b
Rangiwakapo a
Ngaoko Ruaki a
* Rangimako Parinui b
Pokere b
Oko Waitara b
* Irihia Notara b
Kukume Riki c
* Kahutaiki Karitawa b
Meroiti Mateara c
Kaka Pokipoki c
Maia Ruapeka c
* Kiore Tawera a
* Hapua Paengatai a
Ngarewa Awakeri b
Himinere Nakunaku c
Rangiaoatea Kariri c
Tauinga Poia c
Ahipawanui Pure a
Hineahi Noho a
Ruihi Kaiwhara a
Ra Kurupai c
Keke Nana c
Ngira Tumata b
Pia Tumata b
* Paretawainga Pakanui a
* Rotowai Koipu a
Raupeti Kapuni c
Kumanu Tio c
Uhia Tangahoe a
Wa Hikuhiku a
* Tahitahi Waraunga b
Urunui Ariki c
Noaia Moananui a
Rangikaho Wareumu a
Parepare Ngatorotu a
Mere Urututu a
Pekarimu Wangamata a
Rangikaho Tukituki a
Pito Tika a
Matarita Raunga b
Ngamihi Nani a
* Pani Waka Whenua b
Kapuranaiti Herehere
* Ara Warangi b
* Piki Warangi a
* Tioro Tama c
Kaoa Rima c
* Rangihaerewa Hore a
Ramarihi Arahi c
Rangituturu Hukanui a
Tairite Waraunga c
Pohata Ngapoi b
* Ngakai Ngaehe a
Tapahia a
Meria Hura a
Kitakita Maungapourua c
* Pehu Pohut c
Ia Kohi a
Hautu Painui a
Petuna Ponaute a
Wanga Tionga a
* Tamanga Paretoenga a
Pakakutu Weata c
Ngahieke Aotea c
Hamaka Hangi a
* Nohinohi Pumai a
Ramorunga Nohomotu a
Ngarorere Nohomotu a
* Parekiore Raupatu a
Taua Kiri a
* Ngamuka Rewarewa c
* Tini Hamanu b
Ihunoko Ngeua c
Ngawai Piritaha a
* Ngaponi Manako a
Atete Turimanu c
NON-ADULT
MALES
* Tahurae Poa
* Taumaihi Pauroa
Nikahere Pehitahi
Kahira Pehitahi
Hou Rakau (Taati)
Puku
Ngaiwi Hekemona
Paia Hekemona
Petera Manuka
* Hiakai Ngaewe
* Watatiri Ngaewe
Ao Tahuora
Kohirehe Warau
* Ikawera Tupara
Parou Warau
Korowai Warau
Muhi
Hari Wakarawe
Ahimarae Tukituki
Arawata
Pure
Reihana Te Paenga
Pahere
Ahikai
Tiaho
Tiaho
* Peneamine (Peka)
* Ngahongaho Ngawai
* Pepe Notara
Tamati Herehere
Heta Iwingaro
Tawhiwhi Rahapa
* Tongi Taituha
* Moerangi Taituha
* Mangawika Te Ahu
Te Kopa Tarore
Tarore
Wata
Wata
* Hohepa Kuwaha
Hoani Pongo
Onekura
* Peneamine One
* Hohepa Patuuri
* Moerangi Wahiawa
* Heta Hemi
* Hoani Hemi
* Pumipi Tarahanga
* Tamehana Taumata
* Eriwera Kau
Hohua Tahua
Reweti Tahua
Hamiora Tahua
Ratimea Tahua
* Heremaia Pukeri
* Manga Pukeri
Teretui Ngataua
* Kopa Ngataua
t Manga Ukui (Taranaki)
Tape
Warekoka
* Wiremu Warekaua
Wakatapohu Auahi
Rourou Auahi
Heta Whanga
Ngehengehe Whanga
Mokena Whanga
* Hurori Te Po
Wharau

FEMALES.
Tahuora
Tahuora
Arawata
Pure
Pari Paenga
Kiri
Makirina
Mere Pawaroa
Mere Hemi
* Ngaruma Whenua
* Te Unuunu
Parekoaka Ngawai
f Hauata Rahapa
* Miriama Tarahanga
Mangarepo Matiu
Rangitarere Matiu
Mere Tahua
Matire Tahua
* Mata Parakiwai
* Hopepia Kau
Ripeka (immigrant)
* Pepe Pukeri
* Mere Ngataua
t Rora Ukui (Taranaki)
* Pepe
Nanehu Ruhia
* Riria Ruka
f Riripeti Ruka
Rora Ngamuka
Heni Ngatuhe
* Ruaea Warekahika
* Hoki
Hoki
* Kahukoka Wharau
* Tia Tupara

Continued

XIII.

ADULT.
MALES.
Rima
Taukino Whenua
Ranginui
Horo
Hoia
Piko Taukino
* Piripi Te Arahi
Hukanui
Penetita Waraunga
Himiona Ngapoi
Ngaehe
Tapahia
Hakaria Hura
* Maungapourua
* Pumatete
* Pohutu
* Tahuna
Weta
Wana Kohi
* Painui
Romana Ponaute
Ruka Tionga
Kawau
Kaipuke
Moremore
Hohepa Paratoenga
Hoani Weata
* Hiako
Aoatea
Hangi
Pumai
Tuhua
* Rako
Nohomotu
Raupatu
Toekotahi Raupatu
Kiri
Uriwai
* Rangihaeremarie
Rewarewa
Hamanu
Ngewa
Piritaha
* Manako
Turimanu
Taotao
* Horo
* Huhu
Ruawari
Toa
* Toa
Raurekau
Pehitahi
* Rakau
* Kakeha
Ngakawena
Hoki
Ngahaho
Korikori
* Hapupu
* Ahikuku
Ratapu
* Ringi
* Ngakani
Hoki
Koutu
Puku
Heiarero
Ngawari
* Pokirangi
Aperahama
* Hekemona
Rewarewa
Tutaki
* Te Anini
Te Waru
Manuka
Ngatohu Manuka

FEMALES.
Taunoa Horo b
Hemoata Huhu a
Kete Ruawari a
Pire Poa a
* Terenui Toa b
* Hani Raurekau c
Rato Pehitahi c
Nuitirene Rakau c
Hananui Ngakawena c
Taupoki Ngahoko a
Hapupu a
Kurarenga Ahikuku c
f Iro Ratapu a
Puku a
* Hera Pa c
Hane Hekemona c
Tini Rewarewa b
Tekeuenga Tutaki a
* Ngapoti Waru a
* Patumu Waru c
* Ngaponu Manako a
Ngakuta Parakaka c
Tirakakara
Matarita Ngaewe c
Tarore Tiaho a
Moao Tahuora a
Wairoa Ware Tamahana c
* Peitu c
Ngahopi Arawata c
* Pohau Arawata c
Pawanui Pure a
Tamairere Nakunaku c
Rangiaoatea Kari c
Mihikau Paenga a
Kahuraotau Tiniuhi c
* Naho Ahikai c
Rangikino Tiaho a
* Ngongi Ngawewe a
* Pehu Ngatara . c
Koni Anga c
Tawa Kiri a
Tekunanu Piripoai c
Pua c
Taukaka Pukeiti c
Honi Tepura a
Karangi Manuka b
AkamorungaManuka c
Te Kari Manuka
Mihi Peka b
Matu Patuuri c
Kataraina Mohi b
* Kataraina Iwingaro a
Raiha Tiha a
Ripeka c
* Tuhirapa a
* Kurapa b
* Pura Whenua a
Mereana c Roka b
Rahapa a Ripora a
Hariata a
Meri a
Hoturoa a
* Paretawiringa Ngawai a
f Riria
* Ngariki b
* Horonga c
Tangi c
f Teremoana a
* Tauranga b
Ngahipi a
Taminga Puia c
Miriama Taituha b
Kohatu Ahu c
Katerina Pongo a
Turuhira Tarahanga a
Raharaha Taumata b
Nganiti Matiu a
NON-ADULT.
Issue born since 1844
and alive in 1858.
MALES.
Mio Kahawai
Mio Kahawai
Pa Mura
Mura
Mura
Kerepo Wareponga
Te Watene Hongihongi
Wiremu Hongihongi
Hongihongi
Taramu
Ngo Pauinga
Pauinga
Ngai. Tikotiko
Tikotiko
Keu
Whakapo Mura
Kirimahunu Rori
Rori
Okewa
Paketara Hongihongi
Wikitoria
Wikitoria
Ahi, Pure
Pure
Pure
Tetupu Noho
Raiwhara
Ro, Koipu
Urututu
Urututu
Ra, Tukituki
Tukituki
Tika
Tamati Herehere
Te Kingi Pihi Warangi
Hopa Hore
Te Hope Hore
Rangi, Hukanui
Hukanui
Hukanui
Hukanui
Makim. Hukanui
Tapahia
Tapahia
Ia Kohi
Ta Paratoenga
Ha, Hangi
Hangi
Ra. Nohomotu
Kau Ngar, Nohomotu
Kau Ngar, Nohomotu
Ta, Kiri
Nga, Piritaha
Petara Manako
Penehamene Hapupu
Pukepuke Ngawewe
Heketara Poa
Te Wirihana
Pawaroa
Mato Unuunu
Tawhiwhi Rahapa (bastard)
Iwingaro
Pepe Nanehu Ruhia
Pepe Nanehu Ruhia
Karaha Wharekahika
Ngai Te Auahi
Te Auahi
Pepe Ratimea Tahua
Ruhia

FEMALES.
Mio Kahawai
Kahawai
Marata Kiripakoko
Mariana Tatai
Marata Tuahu
Kerepo Wareponga
Kerepo Wareponga
Ngo, Pauinga
Nga, Tikotiko
Raiho Koutu
Keu
Whakapo
Whakapo
Ruaki
Mura
Tari Ngakino
Kiri Rori
Taukitu Raiwhara
Ro. Koipu
Ro. Koipu
Uh. Tangahoe
Uh. Tangahoe
Rau, Wareumu
Rau, Wareumu
Pa. Ngatorotu
Pa. Ngatorotu
Urututu
Urututu
Urututu
Tika
Ripeka Horo
Rang. Hukanui
Rang. Hukanui
Me. Huria
Wewe Parinui
Wa. Tionga
Wa. Tionga
Ta Paratoenga
No. Pumai
No. Pumai
No. Pumai
Ra. Nohomotu
Ngar. Nohomotu
Ta Kiri
Nga. Piritaha
Tek. Tutaki
Tek. Tutaki
Heket. Poa
Riwi Tawaroa
Rihana Pawaroa
Ngahipi
Ngahipi
Makirina Ngamuka
Tepaea Tahua

Continued

XIV.

ADULT.
MALES.
Parakako
Rotoiko Ngaewe
Waiukau
Tiaho
Tahuora
Raharaha
* Waretamahana
Hoki
Manihi
* Warau
Wiremu Tupara
* Aramatai
* Wakaraue Ngarini
* Warau Ngaine
* Tamarua
* Kopikopi
Muhi
* Wakarawe
* Kahukaka
* Pai
Tukituki
Takai
Horaia
* Tahora
Ngawai
Ngara
Ngaoko
Kara
Teria
Arawata
Toko
Tara
* Pure
Kato
Hakirau
* Ngapatu
Ra
* Nakunaku
Kari
Hautu
Pari
Pahere
* Hamaona Tiniuhi
t Hape
* Ahikai
Tamahana Taka
Tiaho
Parera
Ngawewe
* Ngatara
Ngatara
Anga
Ngawini
Kiri
Ihi
Wata
Mangaora
Huira
* Mangawika Ahu
* Onekura
Hoani Patuuri
Taituwa Wahiawa
* Mohi Hemi
Tamati Tarahanga
Matenga Taumata
Matiu
t Hakopa Tanupo (Taranaki)
* Piripi Arahi
Hone Warewi
Mehana Kiriwera
Natanahira Kau
Reweti Tahua
Haimona Pita Kape

FEMALES.
t Hiria Tanupo c
Ramarihi Arahi c
* Mere Wharewi b
* Parakiwai b
* Uru Kau b
Hareata Tahua a
Erihapeti Tahua a
Akuira Kape a
t Inewairoro Ukui (Taranaki) a
* Rihia Ngoto a
Toki Pukeri b
* Kataraia Whangai b
Ruhia a
Timotimo Ngamuka a
Riana Ngatuhe a
Ngakawhi Toetoe c
Teremoana Toetoe b
Parehou Te Auahi a
* Rangikapuhia
Pekarimu Whanga a
* Te Ati Ahipaura c
* Te Kenui b
Mata Karaka c
* Waikaukau Hoki
* Tai Manihi
* Pai Wharau
* Kahukaka Tupara
* Ngaremu Wakaraue
Kahutaiki Wakaraue
Pai
Mere Pai
* Ngamoro Takai
Ngoto Horaia
Towatowa Tahora
* Tiu Ngaoko
NON-ADULT.
MALES.

FEMALES.

Continued

XV.

ADULT. |  | NON-ADULT |
MALES. | FEMALES. | MALES. | FEMALES.
t Paiuru Ukui (Taranaki) |  |  |
Hetaraka Ngoto |  |  |
* Paora Pukeri |  |  |
Tiha |  |  |
* Kereopa |  |  |
Kena |  |  |
Ruka |  |  |
Henare Ngamuka |  |  |
* Wiremu Ngatuhe |  |  |
Toetoe |  |  |
Te Auahi |  |  |
Warekahika |  |  |
Wangai |  |  |
Raniera |  |  |
Hakiaha Warenikau |  |  |
* Herewini Ahipaura |  |  |
Whanga Taituha |  |  |
* Ahipaura |  |  |
* Hone Pumipi Te Po |  |  |
* Karaka |  |  |

Summary of the foregoing Statement.

ADULT.

NON-ADULT.

TOTAL.

Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Total.

Population in 1844
301
237
118
84
419
321
740

Emigrated
3
4
1
3
4
11
15

Abstracted by the pakeha

2

2

Numbers for comparison
298
231
117
79
415
310
725

Deaths since 1844
81
67
43
28
124
95
219

Residue
217
164
74
51
291
215
506

Population in 1858
291
215
70
54
361
269
630

Number of Wives with issue alive | 107
Ditto whose issue are all dead | 38
Ditto barren | 75
| 222
Females abstracted by the Pakeha | 4

In order to give a condensed view of the information contained in the previous pages, with reference to the movement of the population during the interval between 1844 and 1358, the annexed table has been prepared.

XVI. TABLE II.

Table showing the state of the Population of certain Tribes in the District of Waikato in the year 1844, as compared with the Population of the same Tribes in the year 1858, with the per centage decrease thereon.

Table showing the state of the Population of certain Tribes in the District of Waikato in the year 1844, as compared with the Population of the same Tribes in the year 1858, with the per centage decrease thereon.

[Names from the table]

1. Waikato Heads 2. Te Kakenga Tuakau, &c. 3. Taupari, &c. 4. Maioro 5. Paetai 6. Kahumatuku 7. Kihikihi Tiraki Whatawhata, &c. 8. Lower Waipa 9. Rangiaohia
Ngatitahinga Ngatipou (Kahu and Te Kaitutai) Ngatitipa Ngatikarewa Te Ngaungau Ngatiwhauroa Ngatiruru N. Koura N. Naenae Patukoko Ngatimahuta Ngatiapakura Ngatihinetu

Total number of Deaths in 14 years.. .. .. .650

Total number of surviving births .. .. 320

[Causes of Population Decline]

Reproductive power of Maori females.

The following statement shows the numbers of adult women named in the foregoing tables in three classes. First, the number of those who have born children or a child still living; second, the number of those who have born children, none of whom survive; and third, the numbers of those who are barren. The numbers of those whose procreative powers are stated to have not yet been tested, are omitted.

TABLE 3.

Ngati
tipa.
Ngati
karewa
Ngati
kahu,
&c.
Ngati
tahinga.
Te
Ngaungau.
Ngati
whauroa.
Ngati
koura
&c.
Ngati
hinetu,
&c.
TOTAL.

Number
of wives
whose issue
are living
46
8
22
14
32
15
31
107
221

Do. do. dead
19
2
3
4
10
2
11
38
68

Do. barren
24
5
11
9
15
7
38
75
155

444

The number of adult women, whose re-productive powers are stated to be not yet ascertained, are omitted from the above list, because, in the first place they would have no effect on the general result; and, in the next place it is very questionable whether there exists amongst the Maori any adult female, who has not been placed in a position to afford opportunity for the operation of her powers of reproduction, those living in schools excepted.

Prolificness of marriages as affected by the consanguinity of the parties.

In order to throw some light upon the question of, how far the prolificness of marriages is affected by the consanguinity of the parties, and as to the number of children of each marriage, and the proportion of the children dead to the children living, the following table has been constructed.

The information contained therein is confined to too limited a number of women to claim much attention, the difficulty of arriving at the facts having restricted inquiry. However, as far as it goes, it does not manifest in a very marked manner the effect of consanguinity in the parties; but the large number of children who have died in proportion to those who have survived is sufficiently striking; especially when it is remembered that many of those now alive are still very young, and some of them have the most fatal period of life yet to pass through.

TABLE 4.

TABLE showing the Names of a Number of Females, taken indiscriminately from the Village of Tihorewaru, with their probable ages, Names of their Husbands, Number of Male and Female Children, dead and alive, the Tribe of the Female and of the Husband, with the degree of consanguinity.

Name of
Female.
Name of
Husband.
Chil
dren
alive.
Male.
Chil
dren
alive.
Fem
ale.
Chil
dren
dead.
Male.
Chil
dren
dead.
Fem
ale.
Tribe
of Female.
Tribe
of Husband.
Relation
ship
(Consang
uinity.)
Prob
able
age of
Woman
Remarks

Haara
Kukutai
1
0
6
0
Ngatitipa
Ngatitipa
First Cousin,
once removed
33

Katene
Karaka
2
2
2
1
Do.
Do.
First Cousin
28

Rahera
Remi
1
1
1
1
Do.
Do.
Do.
26

Tiriti
Reweti
0
1
0
1
Do.
Do.
Do.
25

Roka
Pairama
1
2
2
3
Ngatiwhatua
Ngatiwhakaue
None
35

Ramari
Takaroki
1
2
3
0
Te Kawerau
Taranaki
None
35

Ngawai
Whareirohia
3
1
2
1
Te Watuhuhi
Te Watuhuhi
First Cousin
35

Ruhia
Poungongi
3
1
2
3
Ngatikahu
Ngatirare
None
35

Peti
Hurori
1
2
2
2
Ngatitahinga
Ngatitipa
Distant
45

Mere Kateraina
Nui
0
1
0
1
Ngatitipa
Do.
Do.
38
Has four
half-castes alive.

Miriama
Epiha
2
0
1
2
Do.
Te Maungaunga
Do.
30

Turia
Ngapaka
0
2
1
0
Ngatimaniapoto
Ngatitipa
None
46

Hariata
Ngarau
3
3
3
3
Ngatiruru
Do.
None
50

18
18
25
18

General laws regulating progress of population.

Before further investigating the preceding tables, or attempting to draw inferences therefrom, it will be well to allude briefly to the general laws which regulate the increase of decrease of population, as deduced from facts by the authoritative writers on the subject.

Mr. Malthus says, "The great check to the increase of plants and animals we know from experience, is the want of room and nourishment; and this experience should direct us to look for the greatest actual increase of them in those situations where room and nourishment were most abundant. On the same pronciple, we should expect to find the greatest actual increase of population in those situations where, from the abundance of good land, and the manner in which its produce is distributed, the largest portion of the necessaries of life is

actually awarded to the mass of the society. All animals, according to the known laws by which they are produced, must have a capacity of increasing in a geometrical progression. It may be safely asserted, therefore, that population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical progression of such a nature as to double itself every twenty-five years."

Increase of population of United Slates by reproduction.

Thus, the white population of the United States, according to an official census made in 1790, was found to be 3,164,148. By a census in 1800 it was found to have increased to 4,312,841. It had increased, then, during the ten years, at a rate equal to 36.3 per cent. – a rate which, if continued, would double the population in twenty-two years and less than one-half. According to a census in 1810 the white population was found to be 5,862,092, which gives a rate of doubling in about twenty-two and a half years. According to the fourth census in 1820, the white population was found to be 7,801,710, which, compared with the population of 1810, gives an increase at the rate of 34.1 per cent., a rate of progress which, if continued, would double the population in twenty-three years and seven months.

The immigration into the United States during these periods did not reach an average of 10,000 per annum. Our official accounts of the number of emigrants to the United States from Ireland and Great Britain during the ten years from 1812 to 1821 inclusive give an average of less than 7000. The official American accounts tend to confirm this average: and, allowing fully for the emigrants from the other European countries, the general average during the years stated will still he under the 10,000. – (American National Calendar.)

If then the periods of doubling mentioned above are compared with twenty-five years, the difference will be found to be such as fully to cover all the increase of population which would have taken place from immigration.

Comparison of progress of coloured portion of the population of New Zealand with that of the white population of the United States.

Reference has been made to the United States for the establishment of the law which would regulate the increase of the human race under the most favourable circumstances, because none of the checks which exist in countries of ancient civilization and circumscribed limits have as yet much force there in resisting the natural tendency of mankind to increase. Moreover, there is a remarkable analogy of physical conditions between the inhabitants of North America and the people of this country. A similar abundance of fertile soil, extreme facility in obtaining the necessities of existence, and a climate of even greater salubrity, place the aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand in circumstances of similar advantage for developing to the utmost the powers of rapid increase possessed by the human race generally. It is unnecessary to refer to the checks which operate so powerfully in retarding the quick increase of population in countries where the difficulty of procuring the necessities of life compel prudence, or where the narrow limits of cultivable soil render great advance impossible, as none of these checks can have power to exercise any such retarding influence in New Zealand.

Instead however of finding a rate of increase in the aboriginal population similar to or approaching that of the United States, viz., about 35 per cent, on the average for every ten years during the years mentioned, the foregoing tables show that the population referred to therein, decreased at the rate of 19.42 per cent, in fourteen years, or nearly one-fifth of the total numbers disappeared during that period. The average loss per annum is 1.38, or above 1 1/3 per cent. If we deduct 5.52, the percentage rate of decrease for the uneven four years, from 19.42, the percentage rate of decrease for fourteen years, (a process not strictly correct, for the law of increase being in a geometrical progression, the decrease should be similarly calculated) we have 13.90 the percentage rate of decrease for a period of ten years.

Table of progress of population in certain countries.

The following table exhibits the percentage increase of population in the countries named, that has occurred in each decennary or other period stated. The figures relating to New Zealand are taken from the statistics of New Zealand compiled by Dr. Bennett and published by the Government in 1858.

TABLE 5.

Remarks.
Country.
Ten Years
ending
1811.
Ten Years
ending
1821.
Ten Years
ending
1831.
Ten Years
ending
1841.
The Year 1856.
Average p.c.
Increase
in 10 years.

England
14.50
18.05
16.24
14.5

15.82

Wales
12.97
17.27
12.36
13.

13.9

Scotland
12.92
15.93
13.
10.8

13.16

Ireland

14.19

14.19

United States
36.
34.1
33.5
32.6

34.05

Deducting excess
of Immigrants
over Emigrants
Auckland Province

23.72
237.2

do.
Wellington do.

11.79
117.9

do.
Nelson do.

6.4
64.

do.
Otago do.

13.14
131.4

Not deducting do.
New Plymouth do.

17.74
177.4

do. do.
Canterbury do.

15.2
152.

Average of New Zealand

White Population

146.6

Colored Population

Decrease
13.9

The excess of immigration for the Provinces of New Plymouth and Canterbury is not deducted in the above table as the New Zealand Statistics are incomplete in this particular.

Remarkable increase of the white population of New Zealand.

The result of this table is to show that the rate of greatest increase in the amount of population, under favourable circumstances, according to the general law deduced by Mr. Malthus, is far exceeded by the wonderful advance of the white population of this country.

It is difficult however to reconcile the statistics quoted with others in the abstract of 1858. For example, the number of births in the Province of Auckland for the year cited (1856) is stated to be 486, and the number of deaths 163, leaving a surplus in favour of increase, of 313. This supply accounts for a very small proportion of the increase to the general population; and as the excess of immigration over emigration for the same year is only 375, we have accounted for only 618, whereas the actual increase in numbers in the year appears to be 3244. It is not evident from what source the large balance unaccounted for, viz., 2546, can have been drawn.

Whether the census of 1855 is defective, or that of 1856 excessive, or whether a much larger amount of the increase is due to an irregular immigration of which no account can be taken, is a question the discussion of which is not within the intention of this paper.

The very high rates of increase stated for the white portion of the population appear in strong contrast with the actual and large decrease which appears to be the condition of the colored portion.

The regular decrease in the rate of increment of population in the United States shows the certain effects of the gradual operation of the checks to multiplication to which a country is subject as it becomes more thickly peopled, and room for expansion therein more restricted.

Relation of the sexes.

The following table will afford the means of comparing the proportion between the sexes which exists among the aboriginal inhabitants of this country with that obtaining in other countries whose populations are increasing. The figures relating to Great Britain and Ireland are taken from the Parliamentary Abstract of Population Returns for 1831; those relating to other countries from Mr. Porter's Progress of the Nation; and those relating to the white population of New Zealand from the Abstract of 1858.

TABLE 6.

COUNTRY.
NUMBERS.
Males
NUMBERS.
Females
CENTESIMAL
PARTS.
Males
CENTESIMAL
PARTS.
Females
CENTESIMAL
EXCESS.
Males
CENTESIMAL
EXCESS.
Females

England
6,376,627
6,714,378
48.71
51.29

2.58

Wales
394.563
411,619
48.94
51.06

2.12

Scotland
1,114,816
1,250,298
47.14
52.86

5.72

Army, Navy, &c.
277,017

Great Britain
(including Army,
&c )
8,163,023
8,376,295
49.36
50.64

1.28

Ireland
3,794,850
3,972,521
48.85
51.15

2.3

Guernsey
11,983
14,145
45.86
54.14

8.28

Jersey
17,006
19,576
46.49
53.91

7.02

Man
19,560
21,440
47.71
52.29

4.58

United Kingdom
12,006,452
12,403,977
49.18
50.82

1.64

France

48.94
51.06

2.12

Spain (in 1803)

49.72
50.28

.56

United States
(in 1820),
free Whites
3,995,053
3,866,657
50.82
49.18
1.64

Auckland (1850)
8,531
6,804
55.64
44.6
11.28

New Plymouth
1,334
1,144
54.19
45.81
8.58

Wellington.
5,781
4,471
56.38
43.62
12.76

Nelson
4,048
3,461
53.91
46.09
7.82

Canterbury
3,552
2,608
57.66
42.34
15.32

Otago
2,100
1,696
5532
44.68
10.64

New Zealand
White Population
25,356
20,184
55.51
44.49
11.02

Ditto
Colored Population
(examined)
753
616
55.
45.
10.

Ditto ditto (Total)
31,667
24,303
56.49
43.51
12.98

On reference to that part of the New Zealand Statistics which shows the emigration and immigration there appears a very large gain to the male portion of the population, relatively to the female portion, resulting from the constant operation of those processes, amply sufficient to account for the irregular disproportion between the sexes which the above table shows to exist among the white portion of the population of New Zealand. The slight disproportion in the United States may also be attributed to the same cause.

It seems therefore to be a natural law that a population in a healthy state, and not influenced by immigration, should possess a slight excess of females. Tested by this rule the colored portion of the population displays a remarkably abnormal condition.

Tests of increase of population.

Any accelerated increase of a population must result, (excluding immigration,) either from an increased proportion of births, that is, births calculated with relation to the numbers

of the people, or to a diminished proportion of deaths, that is, to the more tardy passing away of a generation; and an ordinary increase must result from a regular addition to the population of births more than compensating for the loss sustained by deaths, and conversely.

"The proportionate number of children born cannot be taken (alone) as a test of the condition of the people. It is well known that in climates where the waste of human life is excessive, from the combined causes of disease and poverty affecting the mass of the inhabitants, the number of births is proportionately greater than is experienced in communities more favourably circumstanced. Frequently, indeed, almost always in old settled countries, the proportionate number of births decreases with the advance of civilization, and the more general diffusion of the conveniences and luxuries of life. In fact, the population does not so much increase because many are born, as because few die." (Progress of the Nation.)

We should expect to find, then, that the Maori population would exhibit a greater mortality, and a compensating superabundance of births, relatively to the total number of the people, than are found to obtain in countries of old settlement and more advanced social habits.

Proportions of births and deaths.

Ihe following statement of the annual proportion of births and deaths relatively to the whole population, in the different countries named, will afford a view of the comparative mortality, and reproduction therein. The figures relating to the European countries were communicated by Sir Francis D'Ivernois to Mr. Rickman, the compiler of the Imperial Population Abstract above referred to; those relating to New Spain are taken from Mr. Humboldt's account of that country.

TABLE 7.

England and Wales, | one death in 59 | one birth in 34
Sweden and Denmark | 48 | 31 1/2
Holland and Belgium | 43 | 30
France | 40 | 32.4
United States | 37 | 19
Wurtemburg | 33 | 27.1
New Spain | 30 | 17
Auckland (1856) | 94.08 | 31.55
New Plymouth " | 77.70 | 20.39
Wellington " | 105.69 | 25.18
Nelson " | 25.15 | 28.38
Canterbury " | 16.22 | 21.38
Otago " | 199.78 | 24.97
New Zealand – White population | 136.44 | 25.30
Ditto Coloured do. | 33.04 | 67.13

The proportions of the births and deaths among the colored portion of the population of New Zealand are calculated from the tables contained in the previous pages of this memorandum, and will perhaps be thought inapplicable to the circumstances of the people at large. In case a higher value is attached to the information, which, although gained concerning a portion only of the population, is perfectly accurate as far as it goes, it will be well to correct an error which is in reality contained in the above figures, although it is one which with the present information cannot be perfectly removed.

The number of children who have been born and have died between 1844 and 1858 does not appear in the tables, nor can it be certainly ascertained. Judging, however, from the facts as set forth in Table 4, the number who have died cannot be less than a number equal to those who have lived. That this estimate is moderate may be learnt from the following facts. In Saxony one half the children born die under 14 years of age. From Mr. Hickman's tables of 1831 we learn that of 3,938,496 persons buried in England and Wales, dining the 18 years from 1813 to 1830, there died under the age of 14 of every thousand males 483, and of every thousand females 424.

If then the number of children under the age of 14 years alive at any given period be taken at one half of those born, the relative annual number of births among the colored population will be augmented to one in 33.56, and the relative annual number of deaths to one in 22.14; giving a more healthy appearance to the statistics, although displaying a rate of mortality nearly half as much again as that existing in the tropical country of New Spain, with a trifle more than half the births. Compared with the white population of this country the contrast is still more striking; the former showing nearly times the relative number of births, and considerably less than one-sixth the relative number of deaths.

Relative numbers of each sex born.

Although it has been previously established as a natural law that at any given time in a population in a normal condition and unaffected by emigration or immigration there will be an excess of females, yet it also appears that the number of males actually born is larger than that of the females.

The following table exhibits the number of registered births in England and Wales, and New Zealand, during the respective years mentioned.

TABLE 8.

Country.
Year.
Males.
Females.
Excess
of Males.

England and Wales
1810
152,591
146,262
6329

Ditto
1815
176,233
168,698
7535

Ditto
1820
176,311
167,349
8962

Ditto
1825
192,003
183,059
8953

Ditto
1830
194,200
187.869
6340

New Zealand
1855
766
694
72

Ditto
1856
904
818
86

Of the population of 3,938,496 mentioned in a previous part of this paper as having been buried in England and Wales during 18 years, 1,996,195 were males, and 1,912,301 females, exhibiting an excess of male deaths and births of 53,894; of this population of 3,938,496 persons, there died under five years of age, males 736,039, females 622,903, or at the rate of 369 males in each thousand, and 321 females in each thousand; showing out of the above total number an excess of deaths of males under five years of age of 113,136; and entirely changing the proportions of the sexes among the survivors, which now appear 1,260,156 males and 1,319,398 females.

The mortality of females is slightly in excess of that of the males, during the period whilst the process of reproduction is going on, that is, from the age of 19 to 49, but is never sufficient to rechange the relative numbers of the sexes, caused by the excessive mortality of males under five years of age; and from the age of 50 upwards, the proportionate number of male deaths is constantly greater than that of female deaths until the female survivors at 100 years of age are to the male survivors exactly as two to one.

The period during which this remarkably superior mortality of male children extends may be further reduced by reference to the tables compiled by Mr. Finlayson, with the view to ascertain the average expectation of life at the various ages for the purposes of life insurance. The relative numbers of the sexes born do not change during the first year of existence. Out of each 1000 male children born 981 are alive at the expiration of one year, and exactly the same number of female children survive out of the same number born; so that the excessive mortality of the males takes place between the ages of one and five years.

The knowledge or experience of the writer with respect to the early habits and characteristics of children does not extend to enable him to offer any suggestions as to the causes of this phenomenon; but the fact is clear that between the ages of one and five years male children are more liable to disease and death than female children.

Hence it will be gathered that the natural law regulating the proportions of the sexes reproduced is, that a larger number of male children should be born than of female children, the actual proportions being 100:97.3, and that from delicacy of constitution, or greater liability to disease during infancy, the mortality of the males should during the last four years of the first lustrum of life exceed that of the females, the actual proportion of deaths being during that period 369 males, 321 females. At 5 years of age the surviving males are to the surviving females as is 100 to 104.7.

The application of this law to the elucidation of the state of the population of the aborigines of this country exhibits an entirely irregular proportion of the sexes as obtaining amongst that people. The number of each sex born it is impossible to ascertain, but the male children born must be far too greatly in excess of the females, for, notwithstanding the higher mortality to which the former sex is liable during infancy, the number of males surviving continues greatly to preponderate over that of the females. Out of an existing population of 1369 persons, 753 are males, and 616 females, and out of a total population of 56,049 persons, (which, however, has undergone less careful enumeration,) 31,667 are males, and 24,303 females.

Relative numbers of adults and non-Adults.

Referring again to Table No. 2, in order to ascertain the numerical relation which the non-adult population amongst the Maories bears to the adult population, we find: –

TABLE 9.

| POPULATION IN 1844. |  |  |  |  | POPULATION IN 1858 |  |  |  |
| Males |  | Females. |  |  | Males. |  | Females. |  |
| Adult. | Non-Adult. | Adult. | Non-Adult. | TOTAL | Adult. | Non-adult. | Adult. | Non-Adult. | TOTAL.
| 630 | 281 | 594 | 194 | 1699 | 575 | 178 | 474 | 142 | 1369
Centesimal Proportions | 37.08 | 16.54 | 34.96 | 11.42 | 100 | 42. | 13. | 34.63 | 10.37 | 100

|  |  | In 1844. | In 1858.
The non-adult males are to the total adults of both sexes |  | One in | 4.35 | 5.89
Do. females do. do. |  | One in | 6.3 | 7.38
The total non-adults of both sexes do. |  | One in | 2.57 | 3.27

Exhibiting with respect to both sexes an advance of the dilapidation during the 14 years, in the proportion of the non-adult to the adult population, as far as regards the tribes taken for minute investigation. The adult females have nearly maintained their relative numbers, but the change in the proportion of the adult and the non-adult males is very marked. A reference to the population abstract of Great Britain would afford information as to the numerical relation which the persons under 14 years of age should bear to those upwards of 14 in a population in a healthy state, but that paper is not now accessible to the writer. An approximation, however, will be attempted.

Mr. Porter states that, "in the enumeration of 1821, the males under 20 were 3,072,392, upwards of 20: – 3,002,200, including all the males whose ages were then ascertained. In the enumeration of 1831, the males known to be under 20 were 3,941,495 – upwards of 20, 3,944,511 (the army and navy, &c., are not included)." The number of male persons under 20 years of age, alive at any period, would thus appear to be about equal to that of those who are upwards of 20. An approximation to the relative numbers of the males upwards of 21, and of those under 21 years of age, amongst the Maories, may oe obtained by deducting one half of the number of the survivors of the non-adult males of 1844, and adding them to the non-adult males of 1858. This process affords a considerable advantage, in the calculation, on the side of the non-adults, for the number of children under 7 years of age in any population are more numerous than those between the ages of 7 and 14; and, moreover, the division between the classes is made at 21, instead of at 20. Notwithstanding, however, these advantages in the calculation, the comparison exhibits a great deficiency of non-adults. Of 281 non-adults enumerated in 1844, 105 survive. The non-adult males of 1858 amount to 178. This number, added to one half of the surviving non-adult males of 1844, yields 260.5 an approximation to the number of males under the age of 21 years in the population taken for minute examination. The adult males enumerated in 1858 are 575. Deducting from this number 82.5, i. e. – one-half the number of the surviving non-adult males of 1844, we obtain 492.5 as a similar approximation to the number of males upwards of 21. Thus the comparison, (with the advantages to the non-adults before named,) appears 260.5 non-adults, 492.5 adults, or 1:1.88, instead of 1:1; – exhibiting in a striking manner the extreme relative paucity of youth.

Produce of each sexual union.

To estimate the prolificness of marriages, or sexual unions amongst the Maories is, from the irregular habits of the people, an impossibility; and it would be very difficult to attain to even an approximation of the average productiveness of each female.

The most commonly actuating motive for the dissolution of marriages or unions is the failure of issue. The desire of children is very great amongst the Maori women. One connexion, however, is no sooner severed than another is formed; indeed, frequently the dissolution is caused by foregone preference for another mate. It may therefore be considered that the knowledge of the prolificness of each female will, for the purposes of these researches, be tantamount to the knowledge of the prolificness of each marriage.

Of the females contained in Table 1, a considerable number were widows in 1844, and past the age when they would be liable to incur the responsibilities of parentage; and several of the persons of both sexes appearing in the "adult" columns are the children of other persons appearing in the same columns. Table 4 was constructed merely for the purpose of ascertaining the numerical relation between the children born and the children surviving, and none but women who have produced issue appear therein. Some knowledge, however, of the productive power of the Maori females may be gained from an examination of Table 3, in which the general result of their procreative efforts is recorded.

Reproductive power of Maori females.

M. Muret found that "at Vevay, where the proportion of marriages to births, in the registers, was as 10 to 39, 375 mothers had had 2093 children born alive, by which it appears that each mother had produced 5.55 births." But these," Mr. Muret observes, "were all mothers, which is not the case of all married women. Allowing, however, for the usual proportion of barren wives at Vevay, which was about 20 out of 478, it appears that the married women, one with another, must have had 5.3 births. Yet this was in a town where, he estimates, that the inhabitants do not enter into the marriage state at the time when nature calls them, nor, when married, always have as many children as they might have." – (Enc. Brit. Tit. Population).

The average prolificness of marriages in England and Wales is calculated by Mr. Malthus at 5.26 births.

Although it is impossible, as before observed, from the absence of perfect information, to apply this test of reproductive power to the women of the race under consideration, it will be at once manifest from the Table numbered 1, and the collected statement called Table 2, that

the average produce of the 500 (about) women who are there enumerated, and who have had the opportunity of reproducing their species, must be greatly below the recognized standard, when the whole population, including themselves, their husbands, and parents (sometimes,) does not amount to 1400, and the number of surviving non-adults of both sexes scarcely exceeds 300. The normal production would amount to about 2,500.

Again, taking the proportion of barren to productive females which appeared at Vevay, according to M. Muret, as an average which may form a rule, and adapting this proportion to the statement, Table 3, we have

Usual average of barren to productive females... 20 in 487, or 1 in 24.35
Maori........................................... 155 in 444, or 1 in 2.86.

Manifesting that the general presence of the procreative power among the Maori females is slightly more than one-ninth of that among females belonging to communities of which the population is increasing. If, to this conclusion is added the fact that of the 444 women who form the subject of this deduction the children of 68 have not survived to the present time, no doubt can exist that the exertion of more than ordinarily prolific powers on the part of the productive 221 cannot suffice to compensate for the want of fecundity, or the deficient energy, of the remaining 223.

Diminution of the Maori population.

Generally imperfect as the statistical knowledge relating to the aboriginal population of this country confessedly is, or, where perfect, embracing such a limited portion of the people, and so inconsiderable an extent of country, as scarcely to afford certain bases whence to draw perfectly reliable influences applicable to the whole race, it is, notwithstanding, suggested that the foregoing calculations are of a character, and the information on which they are grounded are of sufficient value to afford certain evidence that the numbers of the people are diminishing, and must continue to diminish until the causes of the singular characteristics are discovered and removed. Indeed, as the table contained in page 10 et seq. manifest, in every tribe in which a minute investigation has been undertaken, and a comparison instituted between a population existing in 1844 and the remnant of that population in 1858, increased by the births that have been produced thereby during the interval, the results have been the same in character, differing from each other only in the rate of loss. Of the tribes thus experimentally taken as examples some reside on the seashore, others 10 and 20 miles therefrom on the borders of the Waikato river, others again in the inland plains about Lake Waikari, and the fertile banks of the Waipa, and the wheat-producing plateau of Rangiaohia have furnished other instances, all showing a similar result, and all manifesting the existence of the same abnormal conditions. The peculiar characteristics of want of fecundity of the females, extraordinary inequality of the sexes among the non-adult population in a directly inverse order to that obtaining in other countries not influenced by immigration, the extreme mortality among the children, the great paucity of births, together with a rate of mortality of both adults and non-adults far higher than any average known in temperate climates, must tend to produce a conviction in the mind, that so long as so many and such powerful causes antagonistic to increase of population exist, and simultaneously operate, any result except a decrease is impossible. That these peculiarities are not local is proved by the fact that the examplar tribes reside in some cases above 100 miles apart, subsisting mainly on different food, and engaged comparatively in different pursuits. Nor, indeed, is anything more striking in the contemplation of the present aspect of the Maori population than the fact that under varying circumstances, engaged in different employments, in localities of widely different physical character, the manifestations are so generally similar.

Numbers of the people in future years.

The following table exhibits the numbers of the total aboriginal population of the present year, and the numbers to which at the present rate of decrease it will have diminished, in the years mentioned. The calculations are made in periods of 14 years, being, perhaps, a term equal to half the duration of a generation.

TABLE 10.

Year.
Total Population.
Rate of
Decrease.
Decrease during
the ensuing
period.

1858
56,049
19.42 per centum per 14 years
10.884.71

1872
45,164.29
19.42 per centum per 14 years
8,770.9

1886
36,39339
19.42 per centum per 14 years
7,067.59

1900
29,325.8
19.42 per centum per 14 years
5,695.07

1914
23,630.73
19.42 per centum per 14 years
4,589.08

1928
19,041.65
19.42 per centum per 14 years
3.697.88

1942
15,343.77
19.42 per centum per 14 years
2,979.76

1956
12.364.01
19.42 per centum per 14 years

The subsequent table shows the numbers of the white and colored population respectively of each of the three Provinces of the northern island of New Zealand in the several years mentioned, at the present rates of increase and decrease respectively; the excess of immigration over emigration for the white population being taken at the mean ratio of the years 1854, 1855, and 1850, and the white population for 1858 being ascertained from that of 1856 by adding an accretion for two years at the mean ratio of increase of the same years;the military and their families being excluded.

TABLE 11.

Year.
Province
of Auckland.

Province
of Taranaki.

Province
of Wellington.

Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.

1858
38,269
18,716.48
3,015
2,871.76
11,772
Returns
imperfect.
Caret – 1853.

1872
30,837.17
51,614.12
2,429.49
6,521.69
9,486

1886
24,848.6
141,938.83
1,957.66
14,804.23
7,644

1900
20,023.01
390,331.78
1,577.49
33,605.6
6,159.54

The figures in the above table, as respects the increase of the white population by reproduction have been obtained by calculating the increase in triennial periods, (the duration of time from which the mean ratio is drawn,) on the principles of a geometric progression, that is, a series of numbers increasing by multiplication. Thus each consecutive term of the series is obtained, by the addition to the term immediately preceding, of a number obtained by the multiplication of that preceding term by the fraction representing the mean ratio of increase. For the Province of Auckland this fraction is for the period of three years, 3121/10000 or 31.21 per cent.; for Taranaki, it is 1229/10000 or 12.29 per cent.; and for Wellington ..............

But this process would be manifestly unjust if applied to the increase of population caused by the excess of immigration over emigration. The triennial increment, therefore, derived from this source has been treated as an arithmetical series, and has been included in the calculations by the addition, at each of these periods, of the number which formed the mean ratio of excess of immigration over emigration during the three years taken. When once added to the general population, the increase by the operation of these processes will follow the same rules as the original population of which it now forms part, that is, will be governed, as to its future effect on the numbers, by the principles of geometric progression.

The figures thus resulting, for the white population, will probably be somewhat below what the political economist might expect, in consequence of this adoption of a fixed quantity as the periodical quantum of immigration, for, although the accession to the numbers of the people by the operation of the processes of immigration and emigration, will, relatively to the numbers of the total population, gradually diminish, yet there will probably be for many years to come a small actual increase.

Notwithstanding that the decline of the numbers of the people appears at the present rate of decrease to be very rapid, there is reason to fear that a population which has once reached such a state of decrepitude as that exhibited by the Maori inhabitants of this country will, from causes strictly intrinsic, proceed to its final catastrophe at a greatly accelerated pace, unless, indeed, the causes of decay be ascertained and removed. Moreover, the history of the relations of the white with the colored races in other countries where they have come into contiguity must suggest the apprehension that when the relative numbers of each become such as to banish the necessity for respect and caution in the conduct of the former to the latter, other causes of diminution will begin to operate, the ultimate result of which will be the speedy obliteration of the colored race from the list of peoples.

Time of commencement of causes of decrease.

The causes which have induced this singular retrograde movement in the numbers of the people seem to be of comparatively recent operation. It is 19 years since Bishop Broughton noticed the gradual depopulation of New Zealand, and enquired into its causes; but it is manifest that his lordship's opinion was founded on nothing more trustworthy than mere supposition, and, perhaps, the casual testimony of those most acquainted with the people. The actual numbers of the sexes of the adults in 1844 preponderate in favour of the males, and, it will be observed, that the abnormal proportions had then became more marked, as regards the non-adults. But the adult population of 1844 must have lived in 1830, and the majority of them would have been adult in that year, and have existed, in the prime of life, during the preceding decade. These had passed through the disastrous period of the Ngapuhi wars of Hika; and the immense losses which where then sustained, and which would affect the males in greater proportion than the females, would increase the singularity

of this condition, did not the large number of female children who were sacrificed during the troublous times of the early part of this century, perhaps, balance the losses which the males sustained by war. That the consumption of human life in these wars was exceedingly great, not relatively to the numbers of the people only, but actually, may be gathered from the fact, that the siege and capture of Matakitaki on the Waipa is believed to have cost 2000 lives. Of these a great majority were males, the females being for the most part kept as prisoners. On the other hand, the custom of infanticide was very extensive, and chiefly affected the females. A mother flying with her friends from the pursuit of the enemy killed her female child because it encumbered her flight, but she usually submitted to the inconvenience rather than destroy the male child which public opinion had decided should be carefully preserved, to augment in future years the strength, and contribute to the security of the community, or to revenge the insults to which his parents had been subjected. This custom not only influenced the numbers of the non-adults of 1844, but had previously operated on the population then adult.

It is, however, at this time, impossible to say whether war most diminished the numbers of the males, or infanticide the number of the females. Although it is possible that the disproportion of the sexes actually born may have commenced at an earlier period than 1830, it is probable that the loss to the males by war was amply compensated by the diminution of the numbers of the females from infanticide. One fact is certain, although the exact period of the commencement of this singular condition of the disproportion of the sexes cannot be demonstratively fixed, it is quite clear that this cause of decrease was in full operation, during the years 1830 to 1844, when the non-adult population of 1844 was being produced, and has continued with great energy up to the present time.

Maori opinions on the date of commencement of decrease.

The unfruitfulness of women is likewise a recent characteristic, if the Maories are to be believed when speaking on this subject. And this must be so, otherwise it is impossible to account for the great increase of the population during the twenty generations which the Maories have passed through in this country, – an increase which has taken place notwithstanding the considerable expenditure of life caused by perpetual wars, and in spite of the constant operation of numerous other influences calculated to check the increase of numbers, and shorten the duration of fife. The "rude forefathers of the hamlet" were, according to the universal consent of their existing representatives, blessed with prolific wives, and not seldom with several, all producing simultaneously. Absence of issue from a union was not indeed unknown in former times, but the desire of children was always strong in the breast of the Maori female, and she was usually held in respect according to the number of children with which she had strengthened her tribe.

The ancient remedy for absence of children was wont to be a solitary resort by the unfortunate woman to the mountains, and urgent invocations in a loud voice to those particular immortal gods who were supposed to preside over these matters, a proceeding which, it will scarcely be wondered at, was sometimes followed by the desired result.

Similarly the great mortality of children and the alleged abbreviation of life among adults is affirmed to be of recent commencement. The popular belief is, that in former times the great majority of the children born survived to marry, and the married were all distinguished for unbroken health, and for a physical stature and strength compared with which the attributes of the present generation appear very insignificant indeed. Doubtless these ideas, common more or less to all humanity, may be traced to the same feeling of affectionate regard for bygone days which causes the Englishman still to regret the good days which existed in "merrie England in the olden time;" those "days of cottier cultivation, when, as the poet ignorantly laments, 'every rood of ground maintained its man.'"

Causes of decrease

The causes of the decrease of the population are adverted to by several of the enumerators and, as appears to be the fate of every affair connected with Maories, the opinions are various and conflicting. As the subject of the causes of the disease is intimately connected with that of the social condition of the people the extracts now made will embrace the remarks of the enumerators on that subject also.

Opinions of Enumerators thereon.

Mr. White: "I regret that I cannot report any very marked improvement in their condition, except in a few instances in farming; but there is a marked decrease of quarrels amongst themselves, on their old prejudices and customs, and a general desire of improvement, which they want the energy to carry out. From my observation, I believe the natives of the North to be more indolent than those of other portions of New Zealand, and also the most peaceful and loyal."

Mr. Kemp, after speaking of "a perceptible increase," as before quoted, says, "The natives attribute this in a great measure to the disuse of mercurial and other strong medicines, which, at the same time, their diet, clothing, and employment have approached more nearly to that of the Europeans. 2ndly. In their general social state, it will be gratifying to the Government to find, that they are in the enjoyment of many European comforts."

Mr. Halse: "For nearly 4 years, they" (the Taranaki natives) "have been engaged in a struggle in asserting their claims to the land, which has always been a subject of contention with them, and the mortality from this cause has been considerable. Not that many natives have fallen, but the harassing nature of the struggle, the misery and privations under-

gone, from the confinement of fortified pas, all tend to shorten life. To this, is to he added the mortality amongst the children and youth of both sexes. As a rule, medical aid is declined by them, and those who enter the colonial hospital, either go when their diseases are far advanced, or refuse to remain sufficiently long there, to benefit by the treatment and change.

"An increasing taste for spirit drinking is prevalent amongst both sexes, but more particularly with the young, who resort to all kinds of devices to obtain it. The difficulty of checking this by information arises from the aversion of the natives to give evidence. The supplies are understood to be usually obtained through a third party without the knowledge of the landlord, and drinking is likewise indulged in at the native pas."

Rev. C. H. Snackenberg: "The greatest cause of decrease, I believe, is uncleanness inwardly and outwardly, in diet, dress, and habitation, in body and mind, in all their thought words, and actions."

Mr. Fenton: "In my opinion the social condition of the Maories is inferior to what it was five years ago. Their houses are worse, their cultivations more neglected, and their mode of living not improved. The mills in many places have not run for some time, and the poverty of the people generally is extreme.

"At the same time there has appeared a remarkable activity of mind, directed to the development of political ideas, and the establishment of a system of government, which will be productive of good or ill, according to the channel in which it permanently directs itself. Employment of this intellectual energy is now a political necessity, for the Maories are utterly unable, without direction, to found and continue any system which will supply rules of action calculated to make them good citizens, and useful colonists."

Mr. Heaphy enters at length into the question of the decrease of the people, and suggests many causes. His remarks are valuable and suggestive. He says: "The tribes, which I refer to, being those which are in most frequent communication with the largest European settlement in New Zealand, I was particular in examining whether the cause of decrease was connected with the neighbourhood of Europeans.

"The cohabitation of the Maori women with white settlers, and their habits of prostitution in Auckland, must have some effect, undoubtedly, in keeping down the numbers, but it is quite inadequate, as a cause, for the general diminution, which is everywhere apparent. From the proportionate scarcity of women about the Thames, Coromandel, and Waiheke Districts, it became interesting to ascertain whether their paucity of numbers in the native villages, arose from their congregation in Auckland. The returns, however, show that there are at the most, but twenty three women, withdrawn from the native settlements to the town; a number entirely inadequate to account for the scarcity of women and children on the coast.

"Half-caste children being included in the returns, it becomes evident that cohabitation with the whites is net a sufficient cause for the diminution.

"Of diseases introduced amongst aboriginal races, by contact with Europeans, the small pox, syphilis, and measles are those which have most depopulated. But, in New Zealand, the small pox has not appeared; the syphilis assumes, in the natives, so mild a form, and is so easily eradicated, that the writer never heard of a fatal case; and the measles, which have once passed over this province, were not more marked in their effect amongst the natives, than amongst the whites. Dr. McGauran states, that from his long experience in the Colony, and connexion with the hospital, he is convinced that diseases contracted by Maories from Europeans, do not, in the former, assume a violent or dangerous character. The native constitution appears to have the power of throwing off syphilitic disorders, with but slight medical aid, and secondary symptoms are almost unknown. Scrofulous diseases, hereditary in the race, appear, on the other hand, to be of a most fatal character, manifesting itself in a great variety of forms. Pulmonary disease is the chief cause of mortality.

"Of the other causes, intemperance is generally the most fatal amongst the natives of countries colonized, but with the Maories, intoxication, though an increasing, is only an occasional, not an habitual excess, and can have but a very slight share in contributing to the decrease."

The constitutional unproductiveness of the women appears to be the chief cause of the want of numbers. The habits of the women in following laborious pursuits, and especially in carrying heavy loads, not only shortens life, but in a greater degree, abridges that period over which they may become mothers.

European clothing, heaped on the native one day, to be cast aside the next, and replaced by a thin blanket or sheet, must tend to the increase of lung disease.

Abortion, produced by artificial means, appears to be far from uncommon.

While aware of our duty in administering to the well-being of the Maori, and guarding him against those diseases and evils that must tend to depopulate, one cannot overcome the conviction that the race is "run out," and that after two or three generations, a remnant only will represent the people. Has isolation been the cause? I am not aware that the fact of New Zealand being the (populated) island most remote in the world from any other populated country, has attracted the attention of naturalists. May an infusion of fresh blood not be necessary to restore prolificacy? Amongst the island of Melanesia, where communication from group to group is easy, the villages teem with children, and young mothers, with several

young children hanging about them, are met continually, notwithstanding the effects of disease and the insecurity of perpetual warfare.

Where native women, after an irregular life in Auckland of a year or two, cohabit regularly with a white man, large half-caste families are the result. On the Coromandel coast the children of a few white settlers exceed in number those of the Maori tribe, amongst which they live.

An opinion obtains among the faculty in Europe that the reproductive functions are materially injured by the continual use of tobacco. Be this established or otherwise, there can be no doubt that the constant habit of smoking, in young girls, must be injurious in a high degree, to the Maori population.

Feeding infants, at the time of their weaning, upon decomposing potatoes and Indian corn, and upon heavy and indigestible flourcake, a universal practice among, them, must be very prejudicial."

Ordinary checks on increase of populations.

The difficulty of procuring in adequate plenty the necessaries of life in tolerably peopled countries has two effects. It either indisposes the greater number of people to marry early, and this effect writers on population call the prudential or preventive check; or it disables them from rearing in health the greatest families, and this is named the positive check. How powerful must be the operation of these checks in many of the well-peopled countries may be judged from an example taken from Europe, where judicial authority has been interposed to compel regard to them. "In Bavaria, marriage is not allowed between people without capital, unless with the previous permission of those who manage the poor institutions of the district. Clergymen who marry such people without that permission, are liable for their maintenance, in case of their becoming chargeable. This restriction is assigned as one great cause of th want of any excess of population in Bavaria, and of the general absence of extreme poverty and misery in that country." It is obvious that neither of these checks, whose joint operation is so powerful an obstacle to increase in Europe, and all well-peopled countries, can have any effect in New Zealand as regards the aborigines. Possessing abundance of good land, with ready markets for the disposal of agricultural produce and the purchase of clothing, and other appliances necessary to comfort and health, and easy means of transit to and from the markets, neither of these checks can exercise any retarding influence to the rapid growth of the people. Moreover inhabiting a country whose climate is salubrious beyond a parallel there exist no physicial reasons why the Maories should not exhibit an increase of their numbers at the highest rate of which the human race under the most favorable circumstances is capable.

Theory of disappearance of colored races before the white race.

The theory that the colored race must fade away before the white race can receive little confirmation from the present decay of this population, for the great evil existed, as we have seen, in full force during the decade of years ending 1840, a period antecedent to the colonization of the country, when the whites were insignificant in numbers and sparsely located.

At Rangiaohia, which has for many years been the residence of more Europeans than are or ever have been contained in the whole of the remaining part of the Waikato district, the decrease of the population is 33 per cent below the general average.

Moreover, the theory named has never been satisfactorly established as a law of nature. The idea that the inferior race is ordained by some mysterious but certain natural law to dwindle and fade away in the presence of the race of superior physical endurance and greater intellectual energy, like the low vegetation in the neighbourhood of the baleful upas tree, receives little confirmation from facts. That the red races of North America have gradually receded before the encroaching perseverance of the white race, and have in manv instances entirely disappeared, is not to be held to be the consequence of the simple presence of the latter, but is to be attributed not only to the extermination over extensive districts, of the game which forms the principal article of subsistence to a nation of hunters, but in a greater degree, to the destructive effects of intemperance, European diseases, and exterminating wars-waged not only between the races, but among themselves. In localities where these causes of depopulation have had no or only a partial operation, or where the people have been induced to adopt the habits of civilization, the North American Indians have increased, and show everv sign of a healthv growth and prolonged existence.

Prosperous condition, as to numbers, of the Red Indians in Red River Settlement.

According to a statement of the Bishop of Rupert's Land, published in the Church Missionary Intelligencer of March, 1858, the Red River settlement, the principal among those placed far in the wilds of the North Western Regions, contains a population of 6,523 being an increase in 7 years of 1292, or an average annual rate of increase of 1 in 28.43 of the whole population at its present numbers. If this increase could he attributed wholly to reproduction it would exhibit a rate superior to that obtaining in England and Wales, equal to that of Nelson, and nearly equal to the mean annual rate of the whole of the white population of New Zealand. But, either a large proportion of this increase must be due to the immigration of the wandering tribes who would gradually cluster around the locality where order reigned and where the necessities of life existed in greatest abundance, or a great proportion of the people must still be heathen, for during a period of 15 years the registered baptisms amounted only to 545, while the registered burials were 308. This, however, shows an excess of births-over deaths in the proportion of one death to 1.77, or slightly more than 1 3/4, births. 1900

half-castes are included in the above population, one of whom is the chief Magistrate of the village.

It seems, then, that the simple contiguity of the white race cannot be alleged as a cause of the decrease of the people. It is true that the evil conditions have increased in the population under consideration generally during the last period of 14 years, but the causes existed, as we have seen, previously to 1840, and an augmented energy in their action must be attributed to the ordinary operation of the principle of geometric progression which governs population rather than to the existence of a new element which could have as little effect in increasing, as it had in originating these causes. That the evil has increased may be seen by a comparison of the relative numbers of the adults, and non-adults, in 1844 and 1858 respectively. In 1844, the total population examined amounted to 1699, of whom 475 were non-adult, giving a proportion of 1 non-adult to 2.57 adults. In 1858 the total population is 1369, of whom 320 are non-adult, showing a proportion of 1 non-adult to every 3.27 adults. On the other hand, the relation of the sexes of the non-adults in the latter year is slightly improved, as compared to the relation which they had to each other in 1844. Centesimal proportions of the sexes of the non-adult population: –

| Males. | Females. | Total.
In 1844 | 59.15 | 40.85 | 100
In 1858 | 55.63 | 44.37 | 100

Abstraction of females by the whites.

Nor can the number of females abstracted from the Maori population to form unions with males of the white race be assigned as a cause of the decrease. The total amount thus taken is quite insignificant compared with the total number of the females. Thus we find that in the town of Auckland 23 women only are thus absorbed, some of whom are half-castes. Out of the population contained in Table 1, containing in 1844, 788 females, and in 1858, 616 females, 8 have been abstracted, of whom 2 re-appear amongst the 23 resident in Auckland.

Moreover, with reference to this particular interference, compensation is to a great extent afforded by the half-caste females who return to the people of their mothers, and form alliances which produce offspring more than sufficient to replace the loss originally sustained.

Theory of barrenness of colored female, after sexual intercourse with while male.

The theory of M. Strzelecki, that a colored female having had sexual intercourse with a white is thenceforth incapable of propagating her own race is quite false as regards the colored race under consideration. Several instances appear in Table 1, in which females have had children by males of both races, and, as a rule, the production by the Maori husband has been subsequent to the birth of children by the European husband. Instances even are not unfrequent of women, who, having for years indulged in the towns in that irregular and mercenary intercourse which is supposed to be utterly destructive of the powers of reproduction, have returned to their native valleys, and given proof that their procreative functions have not suffered material injury. Doubtless, the Maori population to a certain extent suffers by the necessity which seems to have been imposed by usage upon them, of yielding the supply of females who are to minister to the irregular appetites of the town populations; but the numbers affected by this drain are so small, being only 23 for Auckland the largest of the European settlements, that a sensible check to population can scarcely be attributed to this cause even if the future fecundity of these females were utterly destroyed, which is not the case.

European diseases.

If we seek amongst the diseases introduced by the whites for the cause of decrease which has operated for so many years back, we shall be equally dissatisfied with any or all of these checks to population, as an explanation of the phenomenon. Dr. Thompson of H. M. 58th Regiment, an indefatigable enquirer into the physical characteristics and condition of the aboriginal race and whose opportunities of observation cause much value to attach to his opinion, has instituted researches into this branch of our subject, and has recorded much important information to which reference may be had.

Any remarks which might be made on this subject can have little force from any other than a professional man. The statement of Mr. Heaphy and the opinion of Dr. McGauran, quoted supra, entirely agree with the observation of the writer, with the exception that the effects of the measles which swept through the country in 1853 appear to be much underrated, and that the supposition of the existence of the practice of causing abortion by artificial means is quite incorrect. Neither this crime, nor the cognate one of infanticide, is more general among the Maories, or has been for many years, than amongst the Europeans; on the contrary, the desire for living offspring is very great.

The small pox which was so terrible a scourge to the nations of Europe before the discovery of vaccination and which nearly destroyed many of the hunting tribes of North America, has not made its appearance in New Zealand, nor has any other European disease

produced any effects more marked than those which usually attend the visitation of certain epidemics in Europe.

Nor, indeed is it among the causes of mortality of the adults that the reason for the decrease of the population is to be sought, so much as in the want of fecundity of the females and the extreme unhealthiness of the children actually born. As has been previously shown the average number of deaths in relation to the total population, although very high, is not so remarkable as the relative paucity of surviving births. Thus, taking the annual mortality in New Spain at 1 in 30, and the annual additions to the population at 1 in 17, the mortality of the New Zealanders, 1 in 22 1/4, does not present so striking a contrast as the dificiency of births, only 1 in 33 1/2.It is true that the early deaths and early marriages of a tropical climate, and the consequent rapid passing away of each generation, scarcely render New Spain a case for instituting a comparison; but, as the population of that country was, according to M. Humboldt, increasing at the time he made his observations at a rate to double itself in 29 years, a rate of progress very remarkable in a country already tolerably well peopled, there is abundant margin left for allowances of every description. Amongst the Maoris also, unions between the sexes commence at a very early period, and, although the average duration of life is unknown or the average expectation of life at any period of it, the great number of men still living who can speak of and describe events that happened thirty years ago, in which they moved and took part as the mature adults of that day, must lead us to suppose that the Maori enjoys in common with the European the advantage which a temperate climate possesses over a tropical one in the prolongation of human life when unchecked by more powerful antagonistic influences.

Use of spirituous liquors.

The remarks of Mr. Heaphy leave little unsaid on the subject of intemperance. The use of spirituous liquors may have exercised some influence prejudicial to the increase of the people, especially amongst women in a state of pregnancy, but this is not known to be the case. In the great district of the Waikato and its tributaries, whence the information forming the basis of the preceding calculations has been derived, the quantity of spirits consumed has been small, and has not produced the slightest effect, either on the increase or the habits of the people. In fact, a reference to Table 2 will show that while the total adult male population has decreased at a rate of 17.34 per cent, and in some cases at rates above 30 per cent, the particular adult male population of Rangiaohia has suffered a diminution of only 2.34 per cent. Yet more spirits have been consumed in that village than in the whole of Waikato put together. I am informed by Mr. Carleton, the member of the House of Representatives for the Bay of Islands, that the consumption of spirits in that district which was at one time very great has materially diminished during the last two years, although the same facilities for obtaining spirits exist as heretofore. The fact is that the use of spirits has had no effect upon the numbers of the people. The spirit drinker is the exception, and the opportunities of procuring the stimulant in quantities sufficient to operate injuriously on the whole race, do not exist.

Use of tobacco.

The opinion which the faculty entertain as to the material injury which the reproductive functions suffer from the continued use of tobacco must be entitled to respect, but it is somewhat remarkable that the aboriginal race of New Zealand should be held to be the only one that exhibits on an extensive scale clear proofs of the theory. The Maori women cohabiting with Europeans consume more tobacco than those remaining in the native settlements, simply because they can procure more, yet their production of children is increased in a similar ratio. Families of 6, 9, and even 13 half-caste children are met with forming living evidence of the fallacy of this doctrine, at least as applicable to this country.

It appears then that it cannot be directly proved that the causes of the decrease of the Maori race arise from the contiguity of the Europeans, nor from any diseases introduced by, or habits contracted from them.

Still, many facts appear on record which tend to show that by some mysterious law of nature the intercourse of persons may cause disease, even where both parties are in perfect health, more especially in cases where the parties are of entirely distinct race.

The following observations, extracted from Darwin's Naturalist's Voyage (Beagle), will elucidate my meaning: –

"The Rev. J. Williams, in his interesting work, Narrative of Missionary Enterprise, says, 'The first intercourse between natives and Europeans, is invariably attended with the introduction of fever, dysentery, or some other disease, which carries off numbers of the people.' Again he affirms 'It is certainly a fact, which cannot be controverted, that most of the diseases which have raged in the islands during my residence there, have been introduced by ships; and what renders the fact remarkable is, that there might be no appearance of disease among the crew of the ship which conveyed this destructive importation.'

"This statement is not so extraordinary as it at first appears, for several cases are recorded of the most malignant fevers having broken out, although the parties themselves who were the causes, were not affected. In the early part of the reign of George III, a prisoner who had been confined in a dungeon, was taken in a coach with four constables

before a Magistrate, and although the man himself was not ill, the four constables died from a short putrid fever, but the contagion extended to no others. From these facts it would almost appear that the effluvium of one set of men shut up for some time together was poisonous when inhaled by others, and possibly more so if the men be of different races.

"Captain Beechey (ch. 4, vol. 1,) states that the inhabitants of Pitcairn's Island are firmly convinced that after the arrival of every ship, they suffer from cutaneous and other disorders. He attributes this to the change of diet during the time of the visit Dr. McCulloch (Western Isles, vol. 2, p. 32) says, it is asserted that on the arrival of a stranger, (at St. Kilda) all the inhabitants, in the common phraseology, catch a cold. In Vancouver's voyage, there is a somewhat similar statement with regard to Otaheiti. Dr. Dieffenbach states that the same fact is universally believed by the inhabitants of the Chatham Islands, and in part of New Zealand. It is impossible that such a belief should have become universal in the northern hemisphere, at the Antipodes, and in the Pacific, without some good foundation." – (Naturalist's voyage, p. 430.) Original note to the above.

Captain Beechey's statement about Pitcairn's Island is corroborated by a gentleman of my acquaintance, who, with four others, passed three weeks there in the year 1850 He received letters from the island shortly after his departure stating that the people had suffered severely from influenza. But there had been no change of diet during the time of the visit.

The celebrated traveller, Dr. Livingstone, makes a similar observation. He says, "The Boers, under Potgeiter, visited Delgoa Bay for the first time about ten years ago, in order to secure a port on the East Coast for their Republic. They had come from a part of the interior, where the disease called croup occasionally prevails. There was no appearance of disease amongst them at the period of their visit, but the Portuguese inhabitants of that Bay found that they had left it among them, and several adults were cut off by a form of the complaint called Laryngismus stridulus, the disease of which the great Washington died. Similar cases have occurred in the South Sea Islands. Ships have left diseases, from which no one on board was suffering at the time of their visit." – (Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, by David Livingstone, L.L.D., D.C.L., p. 649, Ed. 1857.)

Maori opinions on causes of decrease.

The Maories themselves attribute their decadence, in some measure, to the introduction of new food and clothing, and the attendant change of habits. They affirm that in former times when their custom was to walk abroad with little clothing, and to pursue their ordinary occupations in a state of almost nudity, their skins thickened and became insensible to the effects of cold or heat, and moreover, that in those happy days, when fernroot and the root of the wild convolvulus formed the staple of their diet, their physicial strength and endurance was great, their health unbroken, and their appetites much more worthy of notice than at present. This latter manifestation, though difficult of belief, may be true, and, in fact, the direct consequence of their insufficient clothing and the greater degree of cold to which they were subjected. Baron Liebig, in his Animal Chemistry, says, "Our clothing is in reference to the temperature of the body, merely an equivalent for a certain amount of food. The more warmly we are clad, the less urgent, up to a certain point, becomes the appetite for food, because the loss of heat by cooling, and consequently the amount of heat to be supplied by the food is diminished.

"If we were to go naked like certain savage tribes, or if, in hunting and fishing we were exposed to the same degree of cold as the Samoyedes, we should be able with ease to consume 10 lbs. of fish or flesh, and perhaps a dozen of tallow candles into the bargain, daily, as warmly clad travellers have related with astonishment of these people."

Effect of vegetable diet.

The Maoris subsist mainly on a vegetable diet, and it has been alleged that this fact will, to some extent, explain the deficiency of vigour which appears to exist in the reproductive powers of the race. Resorting again to comparisons with other countries to ascertain the amount of respect to which this idea is entitled, we find in the life of Francis Xavier, "The Japanese, like all other people who believe in the metampsychosis, live on vegetable food."

We learn from returns transmitted by English consuls in consequence of enquiries made through Lord Palmerston by the Poor Law Commissioners the following facts relating to some of the principal countries of Europe: – In Norway, "the poor consume very simple food; salt herrings, oatmeal porridge, potatoes, and coarse oatmeal bread, forming the principal part of their diet: once or twice a week, they may obtain a piece of bacon or salt meat, and those who live on the coast, or near to rivers or lakes, procure fresh fish."

In Sweden, "agriculturists in the southern provinces live upon salt fish and potatoes, in the northern provinces porridge and ryebread form their food. Artisans are sometimes able to procure a little meat."

In Denmark, "the principal food of the labouring people is ryebread, groats, potatoes, coffee, butter, cheese, and milk."

In Mecklenburg, "with these advantages they are able to procure a sufficient quantity of good sound food, and occasionally to indulge in the use of meat, which falls to the lot of the working classes in very few of the countries on the continent of Europe."

In France, "the food varies in different districts. Throughout the district called Landes the food consists in ryebread, soup made of millet, cakes made of Indian corn, now and then some salt provisions and vegetables, rarely if ever, butchers' meat. In other parts, they eat wheaten bread, soup made with vegetables and a little lard or grease, twice a day, potatoes and other vegetables, but seldom butchers' meat."

In England, in answer to the question, "Could a labourer, his wife, and four children subsist on the aggregate earnings of the father, mother, and children, and if so, on what food?" 491 parishes replied "with meat," and 125 parishes, "barely or without meat."

In Ireland, the food of the labouring classes consists mainly of potatoes and milk, according to Carlton and other popular writers on that country.

That a vegetable diet is sufficient to maintain man not only in perfect health but in a condition to undergo the utmost amount of fatigue and hardship, may be learned from the fact that, during the stupendous exertions made by the Arabians during their wonderful career of conquest under Mahomet aud his successors, their ordinary diet did not include animal food. "They knew nothing of the luxuries of the pampered Greeks, and were prohibited the use of wine. Their drink was water, their food principally milk, rice, and the fruits of the earth, and their dress the coarse garments of the desert." – (Irving's Successors of Mahomet.)

It is needless to search for further facts among the dense populations of Asia, to prove that the human species may exist in perfect health, and multiply, whilst subsisting on a diet of which animal food forms but a small part. And it is equally difficult to conceive that a change from comparative nakedness to a state of comfort, as regards clothing, not far, if at all, inferior to that obtaining among the labouring classes of Europe, can have exercised a prejudical effect on the general health of the people.

In fine, the fact that a retrograde movement in the numbers of the people had fully commenced, and had produced very sensible effects before these supposed causes of decrease came into operation, must form an insuperable obstacle to the logical maintenance of the position, that the decrease is attributable to the lack of animal food, or to the adoption of European clothing.

Causes of decrease sought for among habits proper to the Maories.

If we search for the causes of the decrease of the people amongst habits which are purely internal, next in order after the depopulating intestine wars, we should probably place the frequent custom of infanticide. That this custom was a very important obstacle to the proper increase of the Maori race may be believed from the fact that the writer has met with instances of women who have destroyed four, six, and even seven children, offspring of themselves, and mostly females. However, the universal testimony of those best qualified to judge, is conclusive that this custom has for many years been almost extinct. Probably the year 1835 may be named as the period of its ceasing to exist. Rare instances have occurred since that date, but utterly insufficient in number to have any serious effect on the state of the population.

Wars.

At a somewhat later period large wars also terminated; the expeditions of the Waikato tribes against Taranaki in 1836 and 1837, and the struggle of the same great sept with Ngatiwhakaue, commencing in the year 1835 and ending in 1839, being the last undertakings of any importance. The seige and capture of Kaipaka near Rangiaohia by the chief William Naylor Te Awaitaia and his confederate tribes had proceeded these operations. The battle of Te Ihutaroa to which reference has been previously made and in which the Ngatitipa contested the ownership of about 20 acres of land with Ngatipou, occurred in 1846, and occasioned the death of 33 individuals some of whom appear in the previous Tables; but peace immediately ensued, and the effects of the contest did not extend beyond those who died on the field. The numerous petty wars which, during the past two or three years, have caused some loss to the coast tribes on both sides of the northern island, have had no effect on the people of Waikato who have been peculiarly the object of this enquiry.

Promiscuous sexual intercourse.

Illicit commerce between the sexes, although considerable at the present time, was much more extensive in former periods. The Maoris are unanimous in representing sexual intercourse as extremely promiscuous during the times when several families inhabited one large house. Captain Cook remarked the prevalence of this vice: – "Amongst the females, chastity is lightly esteemed." And whatever alteration the habits of the people have lately undergone respecting this particular habit has been for the better. Therefore, to whatever degree the fecundity of females may be affected by practices of this nature, the question of the present decline of numbers cannot be solved by adducing as a cause a habit which was more general during periods when the race was increasing.

Low social habits.

The want of cleanliness in the extended sense in which the word is used by Mr. Schnackenberg, though by itself insufficient to account for the extraordinary mortality to which the New Zealanders have lately become subject, will, joined to the other habits which characterize a low state of civilization have considerable effect in shortening the duration of human life. The gradual prolongation of life in England as the manners and condition of the people have improved is very remarkable. The estimated proportion of deaths in the course of the 18th century, were: –

In the ten years ending | 1700 | one in 39 4/5
" | 1710 | " 36 1/10
" | 1720 | " 35 1/2
" | 1730 | " 31 1/10
" | 1740 | " 35 1/5
" | 1750 | " 40 2/5
" | 1760 | " 41 4/5
" | 1770 | " 41 1/5
" | 1780 | " 411/2
In the five years ending | 1785 | " 41 3/4
" | 1790 | " 45 1/5
" | 1795 | " 47 1/5
" | 1800 | " 47 3/4
And for the ten years preceding | 1811 | " 53 3/4
| 1821 | " 60 1/2
| 1831 | " 58 1/2

Showing a continually decreasing mortality. "This effect," says Mr. Porter, "so strongly indicative of amendment in the condition of the people, must be attributed to the concurrence of various causes, among these may be mentioned the less crowded state of our dwellings, the command of better kinds of food and medical attendance, the superiority and cheapness of clothing, and probably, also more temperate habits and greater personal cleanliness. One influential cause of the diminished rate of mortality will be found in the introduction of vaccination which has had so powerful an effect in reducing the rate of mortality among children, besides which the extensive drainage which has been going forward in that part of the country, which, owing to the presence of stagnant waters, was once productive of intermittent fevers, has added to the general healthiness of the country."

Similarly, Rangiaohia presents to our notice a decrease of 13.10 per cent on its total population as compared with 19.42, the per centage loss sustained by the total population of the district over which these enquiries have extended, and that place has been noted as the earliest in commencing the cultivation of wheat, and adopting, as far as they have been adopted, European clothing and habits.

Life prolonged, but number of births not increased by improvement in social condition.

But it does not apear that the improvements of civilization have a similar effect upon the number of births, at least in old and well peopled countries. Thus in England: –

For the ten years preceding 1811 the births were one in 31 1/3
" the deaths " 53 3/4
" 1821 the births " 31 3/4
" " the deaths " 60 1/2
" 1831 the births " 34 1/2
" " the deaths " 58 1/2

"Thus the number of births have decreased and is still decreasing in proportion to the amount of population in England." It would seem however that this diminution of the number of births is the effect of the checks before alluded to which operate very powerfully in England, and that this symptom should not appear in this country where these checks can have no obstructing influence whatever. In thinly peopled but fertile countries, as in all newly settled states, a great proportion of births should be looked for as a natural manifestation.

Hence, notwithstanding the presence of injurious habits, and a low state of civilization, we should expect to find among the population under consideration, large annual additions to the numbers more than sufficient to replace the loss caused by a greater rate of mortality than would characterize a people of improved habits. "Circumstances," says Mr. Porter, "which have increased the rate of mortality, have always tended to increase, likewise the number of births. In Ireland, population increases almost as fast as in England, and mortality diminishes in its rate, yet the people improve but little in condition."

Comparison with Ireland.

It would be difficult at once to perceive any reason why the Maori population should not increase at a rate at least equal to that of the labouring classes of Ireland. The food of the two people is similar, with the exception that the Irish peasant obtains milk and does not eat putrid food. The climates are similarly salubrious, the soils equally fertile, and the state of cleanliness, both as regards person, clothing, and habitations, affords, ,according to Carlton and other writers who have depicted Irish peasant life, no striking point of difference.

Moreover, the pursuits of the great bulk of the Irish people resemble those of the New Zealanders, that is, are connected with the cultivation of the soil. "Out of a population consisting of 1,385,066 families, Ireland employs in the pursuit of agriculture the labour of 884,339 families, being at the rate of 638 in each 1000, or nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants. In Ireland the system of parcelling out the land to numerous cottiers, whose scanty means do not enable them to grow more than suffices for their own consumption, while the stipulated rent is frequently paid by labour and not in money, prevails to an extent which renders it one of the most fruitful sources of misery to that country. Out of 106,608 males, twenty years old, occupying land in Ireland in 1831, more than three fourths (87,819) came under the class just described. Yet the population, which in 1821, was 6,801,827 had increased to

7,767,401 in 1831, showing an advance nearly as great as that of England, and greater than that of Scotland and Wales." – (Porter's Progress of the Nation.)

It would thus appear that a low social condition does not necessarily prevent the growth of the numbers of the people at a rate equal to, or even greater than, that obtaining in countries of more advanced habits or greater modicum of comfort.

If further proof is needed, an extreme case may be found in the slave states of North America, where labour is extremely severe and misery of every description most abundant.

The following statement will show the progress of the numbers of the colored inhabitants of the three principal slaveholding states during the decennial periods mentioned: –

| 1820. | 1830. | 1840.
North Carolina | 296,017 | 215,601 | 245,817
South " | 258,475 | 315,401 | 327,038
Georgia | 149,656 | 217,531 | 280,944

It would appear then that the simple reason alleged by Mr. Snackenberg for the diminution of the numbers of the people, although sufficient when acting simultaneously with other habits of a similar character appertaining to a low social condition, to shorten the average expectation of life at the time of birth, yet does not extend to prevent the compensating increased number of births. In fact the effect of the action of these conditions appears to be simply to abbreviate the duration of life without interfering with the increased number of births, which, as in the case of New Spain, seems to accompany a greater mortality, or in other words to cause the more speedy disappearance of a generation, but not to affect the maintenance and due advancement of the numbers of the people.

Mortality amongst children, caused by low social habits and unfit food.

The proposition of Mr. Snackenberg taken in its extended sense as applying to a generally low social and moral condition appears to apply with greater force to the non-adult than to the adult members of the population. That the mortality among the youth of both sexes under the age of 14 is very great, not only relatively to the total population, but actually, a reference to Tables 1 and 2 clearly manifests. Out of a total number of persons of both sexes under 14 years of age in 1844 of 475 only 283 have survived to the present time, exhibiting a loss of upwards of 40 per cent. And if it is considered that to supply these 475 a number of births must have taken place of which, judging from Table 4 and the previous enquiries on this subject, one half died before the enumeration, leaving 475 as the survivors, the loss to the non-adult population appears astonishing, amounting to above 70 per cent. Of 15 children, 8 male and 7 female, who, at the taking of the census in 1844 were infants unnamed and who appear in the statements called Table 1 as "pepe" or "infant," only 2 now remain alive, 1 male and 1 female.

There can be little doubt that unwholesome food and insufficient clothing must be much more prejudicial in their effects on the young than on those who, besides possessing the greater vitality of manhood, have proved the strength of their constitutions by living through these hardships. The great amelioration which care and attention affect in the health of the young may be gathered from a table compiled by Dr. Mitchell with reference to the children in Christ's Hospital, and quoted by Mr. Porter in his work so often referred to. It will be seen from the return annexed how exceedingly small the rate of mortality has been in that establishment throughout the period referred to, viz. from 1813 to 1833. "This circumstance shows how very instrumental in preserving life during the years of childhood, are substantial clothing, an abundance of wholesome food, good lodging, healthful exercise in the hours allowed for recreation, and immediate attention on the first appearance of sickness under the care of skilful medical men."

Period. | Average number of children. | Deaths
1814 to 1818 | 1026 | 51
1819 to 1823 | 1038.6 | 44
1824 to 1828 | 1082.4 | 40
1829 to 1833 | 1134 | 86

It thus appears that in the first five years, viz. from 1814 to 1818, the annual mortality was 1 in 100, that in the next five years from 1819 to 1823 the rate was only 1 in 118, that in the five years from 1824 to 1828 it was further diminished to 1 in 135, and that in the last quinquennial period the annual mortality was no greater than 1 in 157 1/2 of the children.

The average annual number of children in the establishment during the last three periods, embracing a duration of time of 15 years, was 1085, and the average annual number of deaths was 8, exhibiting an average annual mortality of 1 in 135 1/2, or 1 in 9 1-30th for the whole period of 15 years.

Among the 475 maori children who appear in the census of 1844 192 deaths have taken place during a period of 14 years, or, the mortality has been at the rate of 1 in 2 1/2 for the whole period; or 1 in 34 2-3rd annually. An error will be apparent in this comparison, for every year as it passed by would add a certain number of these 475 children to the class of of adults or persons about 14 years of age, and all the survivors are now upwards of 14. This error, however, operates in favour of the health of the Maoris in the comparison, for the ordinary mortality is much greater among persons under the age of 14 years, than among the class between 14 and 28. According to the tables compiled by Mr. Finlayson for the purpose of ascertaining rates of life insurance, it appears that out of 10,000 persons of both sexes born

in Carlisle 3665 died under the age of 14 years, while, of the remaining 6335 persons only 587 died between the ages of 14 and 28.

The average annual number of children in the school conducted by the Rev. J. Morgan, at Otawhao, near Rangiaohia, during the period extending from 1849 to 1858 has been 54, deducting those who did not remain 6 months in the establishment. The total number of deaths that have occurred among these children, including those who returned to the native settlement on the approach of death, as the custom is, have been 4 maoris and 2 calf-castes; total 6. Thus the mortality in this establishment during the whole period of its existence has been 1 in 9, or an average annual mortality of 1 in 81.

The average rates of annual mortality among these three classes of non-adults will thus appear contrasted: –

In Christ's Hospital............... one death annually in 135 1/2
In the Otawhao School......... " 81
In the Native Villages............ " 34 2/3

These facts tend to show how greatly the expectation of life may be increased during the years of childhood by good lodging and abundance of wholesome food, combined with a rational mode of discipline both moral and medical. And this great improvement as regards the health of the children in the Otawhao establishment has been obtained, notwithstanding the extreme scantiness of their clothing which, especially during the winter when the thermometer during the night frequently registers 27 deg. and even 25 deg. Fahrenheit, is utterly inadequate to retain the proper amount of animal heat. The only peculiarity of the food consumed by these children is that the staple is wheat and wheaten flour instead of potatoes, and at all seasons of the year abundance of milk is supplied to them.

Had the rate of mortality which forms the rule in Mr. Morgan's school obtained amongst the children in the native settlements during the last 14 years, the deaths between 1844 and 1858 would have been 82 instead of 192. The effect which such a beneficial change in the health of the young must have upon the movement of the entire population is too apparent to need remark.

It will appear then that, with the exception of the debased social habits which usually attend a low condition of civilization, the previous enquiries have failed to discover any causes whose operations have been sufficiently influential to account for the extraordinary symptoms which have characterized the aboriginal people of this country from a period commencing about the year 1830. The causes of decrease usually assigned have been successfully investigated, and have failed to afford any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon.

Causes of decrease suggested.

The suggestions which follow are tendered with much hesitation and will be made with great brevity, not indeed with the desire that they may be accepted as a conclusive determination of the enquiry, but rather with the hope that some member of the medical profession may be induced with the aid of the foregoing facts and figures, to examine into the whole question for the proper solution of which that peculiar knowledge is necessary which the faculty alone possesses.

Doctrine of special providential interference.

A doctrine has been asserted and has found favor with some, that as nations rise and fall, and populations increase and decrease at the will of the Divine Providence, peculiar facts such as those which form the subject of this enquiry may be simply attributed to the exercise of such a Divine decree. It is, however, a characteristic of the plan of management under which the affairs of the world are administered, that the will of Providence is always carried into effect by ordinary means, and the most extraordinary results may be traced to the operation of simple natural causes. The laws which govern the reproduction of the human species are, it must be admitted, very obscure, but it is not reasonable on that account to relieve ourselves from the difficulty by resorting to the doctrine of 6pecial providential interferences. Even in individual cases we may recall singular instances of eccentricity in Nature's operations with respect to reproduction, many of which are as worthy to be attributed to a suspension of Nature's laws, as the present position of the Maori population.

Thus, we read in the Greek History of the twenty daughters of Danaus and these are matched by as many wives of another man. Bruce tells us that women in Eastern countries have children only for nine years; yet how prodigiously their populations have extended. Gideon had no fewer than 70 sons by his wives, besides 1 by his concubine. Bruce says, "the Imam of Sama was not an old man when I was in Arabia Felix in 1769, but he had 88 children then alive, of whom only 14 were sons. The Priest of the Nile had 70 and odd children, of whom, as I remember, above 50 were daughters. Gibbon says in his history, "the total amount of this imperfect calculation," (of the people of the Roman empire in the time of Claudius) "would rise to about 120 millions of persons, a degree of population which possibly exceeds that of modern Europe." The curious enquirer who is anxious to ascertain the increase or decrease of the population of Europe during 1700 years, must calculate whether the addition of Northern Europe is a compensation for the loss of the African and Asiatic provinces of the Roman empire. The population of England and Wales decreased during the decade of years ending 1710, the population in 1700 being 5,134,516, and in 1710, 5,066,516. Henry VIII had

six wives and three children. Solomon had 500 wives and 1 son. And amongst the married ecclesiastics of England the number of children born to a clerk seems to increase in an inverse ratio with the value of his living.

Use of putrid corn commenced about 1830.

In order to discover what these natural causes of decrease have been and are, we should, on the supposition that the retrograde change in the progress of the population commenced about the year 1830, first enquire whether any marked change took place in the habits or food of the people at about that period. And it is remarkable that about that time the discovery of the art of manufacturing putrid corn by continued steeping in water was made. From the date of that event this food eaten in a state of most offensive putrescence passed rapidly into general use, not merely as an occasional delicacy as in the case with dried sharks and other matter used as food in a semidecayed state both here and in the Polynesian Islands, but as a universal daily staple of diet. Every Maori who has attained the age of 40 years can remember the introduction of this noxious substance, and it is remarkable that at Rangiaohia where it began first to grow into disfavour, displaced by the wheat which under the energetic encouragement of the Rev. J. Morgan rose into notice, and gradually displaced the "kaanga kopiro," the decrease of the population has been 33 per cent, below the general average.

The date of this unhappy discovery was more perfectly fixed by an enquiry made from a female Ngapuhi slave, on whose arm was tattooed "J. T. (Anchor) 1824." This record proved to have been made by a sailor with whom the woman cohabited for a short time in the Bay of Islands, and, in reply to a question, she stated that this unwholesome food was discovered and brought into use a few years after that inscription was made.

Without attempting to ascribe any effects to the continued and large use of putrid corn as an article of food, an attempt to which neither special education nor knowledge subsequently acquired render me competent, I will simply quote from Baron Liebig's "Animal Chemistry," some observations which seem pertinent to this subject.

"By the recognition of the cause and propagation of putrefaction in complex organic atoms, the question of the nature of many contagions and miasms is rendered capable of a simple solution, and is reduced to the following.

Do facts exist, which prove that the state of the transformation or putrefaction of a substance is propagated likewise to any parts or constituents of the living body; that by contact with the putrefying body, a state is induced in those parts, like that in which the particles of the putrefying body themselves are? The question must be answered decidedly in the affirmative. . . . It is a fact that the use of several kinds of food, as flesh, ham, sausages, in certain states of decomposition, is followed in healthy persons by the most dangerous symptoms, and even by death..... Lastly, it is a universal observation that the origin of epidemic diseases is often to be traced to the "putrefaction of large quantities of animal and vegetable matters; that miasmatic diseases are endemic in places where the decomposition of organic matter is constantly taking place, as in marshy and moist localities; that they are developed epidemically under the same circumstances after inundations; also in places where a large number of people are gathered together with insufficient ventilation, as in ships, prisons, and besieged places." (Heule, Untersuchungen, p. 54.) Again, p. 57. "But we can never so surely predict the arising of epidemic diseases, as when a marshy surface has been dried up by continued heat; or when extensive inundations are followed by intense heat.

"Hence according to all the rules of scientific investigation, the conclusion is fully justified, that, in all cases where a process of putrefaction precedes the occurrence of a disease, or where the disease can be propagated by solid, liquid, or aeriform products of disease, and where no nearer cause of the disease can be discovered, the substances in a state of decomposition or transformation must be regarded as being, in consequence of that state, the proximate causes of the disease." Vide, however, the whole of Part II. on the metamorphoses of the animal tissues.

It is admitted that the continued use of salt meat or inferior food causes the most surprising changes in the vital processes, and, in particular, that it is a fruitful source of scrofula. This disease, developing itself in various forms; – tumours, tabes mesent, and consumption and other long diseases, besides a general prostration of vital energy both mental and physical has been, and is, the great destructive agent that has made such frightful inroads into the numbers of the Maori people. In fact, the Maori constitution appears to be rotten. A slight attack of illness, which would scarcely detain the European from his ordinary occupations strikes down the Maori, and the prostration is so complete that permanent recovery is the exception.

Will not the saturation of the whole system with this fearful disease solve also, in some measure, the problem of the unprolificness of the females, an equal share in the want of vigour being ascribed from the same cause to the males?

These suggestions are made with the greatest diffidence, and only with the hope before expressed that practical medicine will decide whether this view is just, or whether it must be rejected.

Long continued intermixture of food.

One other cause of depopulation suggests itself to the mind of the writer; – the constant intermixture of blood during the twenty generations that the Maoris have occupied this

country. In the ranks of the lower animals, it is known, that breeding "in and in" for two or three generations is quite sufficient to take from the race house his speed, from the gamecock his courage and activity, from the dog his strength, and from all their health and energy. Does not the same natural law govern the human species?

How completely and constantly this handful of people have intermingled may be judged from the appended statement, in which the names of many well known chiefs of tribes, now far separated and sometimes hostile, may be recognized as relatives of each other, and in fact forming one large family. The scheme might easily be extended until the entire population was included. Had the various intermarriages been added a pefectly intermixed plan of consanguinity would have been exhibited. If such is the condition of the aristocracy, how constantly and intimately the persons of inferior rank must have interfused whose opportunities of marrying were usually confined to their own tribe.

Appendix B.

The words "run out" present no definite meaning to the philologist, but the confused idea which they suggest to the mind of a race of animals whose higher physical qualities have disappeared and whose chief characteristics are utter loss of energy and vital force, is perfectly realised by the present aspect of the aborigines of this country.

In concluding this branch of the subject, I may remark that it is possible that another cause of decrease may be found entirely overriding all those previously suggested. There may be a law of nature, mysterious and inscrutable, under which no species can perpetuate itself beyond a certain period. We know that races of plants and of animals have died out, while the almost simultaneous extinction of large families, possibly widely scattered over the world, is a recognized fact. If families die out in accordance with this mysterious dispensation why should not also nations?

Remedies.

It can scarcely be questioned, that it is one of the duties of a government to use every endeavour not only to encourage the people under its care in the growth of civilization and respect for the laws, but also to direct and assist them in the attainment of such material advancement as is necessary to the preservation of the public health, and the proper increase of its numbers. It is true that prudence cannot be enforced by laws, without a great violation of natural liberty, and a risk of producing more evil than good. But still the very great influence of a just and enlightened government, and the effect of perfect security of property in creating habits of prudence, cannot for a moment be questioned.

It will perhaps be considered out of place, in a bare investigation of this character to refer to measures which may be adopted for the successful recuperation of this population, especially as it is a matter of great difficulty to examine questions of this nature without touching upon matters which belong rather to the politician than to the collator of statistics. But brief allusion may be not unfitly made to what appears to be the principal "conclusion of the matter."

Besides the measures which have lately been sanctioned by the legislature for imparting to the New Zealanders the benefits of law and civil institutions, the remedies to be employed for arresting the decay of the race must be directed to the improvement of their social condition by giving security and performance to their possession and occupation of land; and encouraging the growth of grass, so as to augment their material resources and enable them to obtain better food and clothing. There are, in the case of the Maoris, no pre-existing impediments to the accomplishment of these objects. Unlike the hunting races of the New World or the shepherd tribes of Asia, they have already, from the physical character of the country, and the utter absence of game and animals of the chase, been impelled into the position from which civilization takes its first upward step. And the lands are already assigned definitively to certain owners, although the boundaries of territorial rights are uncertain, and the titles are generally obscure and often conflicting. Still, the principle is recognized and national, and towards the carrying out of any scheme of advancement of social condition or settlement of titles to land, the people themselves are most anxious to give their aid.

Under the above definition are included all those measures of amelioration which a government, without exceeding its legitimate functions, may be fitly called upon, and qualified to undertake.

Thus, by giving security and permanence to the occupation and possession of land, will be achieved the grand requisite of civilization, fixity of residence. Good houses, intended to endure, will arise on land of which the tenure seems secure, and which may descend with its improvements to the children of the tenant whose labour is making it of value. By the exercise of the power of alienation a class of European settlers will be brought amongst them, who will by example and instruction wean the Maoris from their present desultory plan of agriculture to a system based upon the feeling of a perpetual right in the cultivator and his successors, and, who will moreover cause them to apprehend, that the secret which they have for many years been trying to find out, viz: – the art of living without labour, is one which will never be discovered. Permanent fences will be recognized as a necessity. The cultivated grasses, which will immediately follow or which may precede the division and legal

tenure of land, will maintain sheep to furnish an annual income from their wool, and cows, whose milk will supply a nutritious food to the young and may reduce the mortality among that class of the population to the rate obtaining in the Otawhao establishment.

The diversion of the habits of the people into new and unprofitable channels such as results from the possession of a breed of light horses fit only for tribes of hunters, or the ownership of seagoing vessels which they are incompetent to manage, and which not uncommonly end a short career in loss and disappointment, is not so beneficial a direction of their energies as the encouragement and instruction of their natural tastes and ancient habits as cultivators of the soil.

To enlarge upon these subjects in this paper would be out of place. A quotation, however, is added forming the remainder of Mr. Heaphy's report, as that gentleman's reflections seem to have terminated in the same conclusion which has already been frequently expressed in writing by the collator in other papers. "I find," he says, "a population of 235 Maoris with a cultivated area of 168 acres. These 235 souls occupied an area of 35,000 acres of waste land, or in a proportion of 149 acres to each soul. The area of cultivated land appears to be low, but the Maori has no idea of turning old cultivations to account. They are suffered to become overgrown with dock or thistle, and after a few months' neglect have no claim to be included in the statistics of cultivated land. I am aware that any matured plan for the amelioration of the condition of the Natives should be governed by the results deduced from the whole census on its completion; but I cannot omit now suggesting that every means should be taken to induce the Maories to turn into pasture their old cultivations.

For the 168 acres of cultivated land included in the returns, there are about 1000 acres of old clearings, all of which, before the weeds had made head, would have been eminently adapted for grass, and would have required but little after attention or culture. These are now the strong holds of the burr, and no wool can be usefully grown in their vicinity. On grass lands so situated, always in convenient places and near their villages, the natives might easily maintain a sufficient number of cows to afford a wholesome and nutritious food for their children; milk instead of dried shark and stinking corn.

While land and cultivations are in common, and while the native has no sole and individual interest in the land cultivated and the locality inhabited, the incentive to steady industry will not overcome the propensity to roving and idleness. Securing to an individual by means of a crown grant his holding, even if it be but a small area, will, in inducing continued residence on the spot, its improvement year by year, and the natural collection around it of the appliances which lead to comfort; – such security of tenure, will, I believe, conduce more to the improvement of the Maori, than any plan that has yet been proposed, and will cause him and his successors to respect the laws of the power, which in their first exercise secured to him a status and an independence, an immunity from the encroachments of chief or tribe."

Appendix A.

A simple scheme for settling the Native title to land somewhat analagous to the system pursued by our Anglo-Saxon forefathers 1 is appended to this paper, the operation of which would be simple and without risk to the European government or people; – the whole management and responsibility of the transaction resting with the Maori alone, guided only by the judicial officer of the district. The operation of this machinery would be slow, as none but the valuable lands would probably be desired to be enrolled, the mountainous or barren districts being left for pigruns or sale to the government. But no plan can effect this great object with speed. It must be remembered that the process of separating common titles and apportioning lands is not yet completed even in England. The number of acres of common land brought into cultivation, from the beginning of the reign of George III. to the end of the year 1834, was 6,840,540: and the number of Enclosure Acts passed by the legislature for this purpose during the period, was 3,742; and the process is still going on.

The devotion of the abandoned lands to pasture, and the expediency of encouraging generally among the Maoris the cultivation of the artificial grasses, has already been urged by the writer in other papers. This question is of very great and varied importance, embracing a much wider field than the simple recuperation of a population, or the retardation of its decay though in itself an object of sufficient magnitude to warrant exertion for its attainment.

In concluding this memorandum it should be stated, as an apology for defects and want of consecutiveness therein, that it has been written in circumstances often of considerable mechanical inconvenience and adverse to the elaboration, or even the intention of a connected train of thought, – circumstances, the difficulty of which has been increased, by the impossibility of access to many necessary documents and books of reference.

FRAS. D. FENTON, R. M.

Waikato, August, 1858.

1 See Hallam's History.

[APPENDICES]

APPENDIX A.

SCHEME FOR THE PARTITION AND ENFRANCHISEMENT OF LANDS HELD UNDER NATIVE TENURE.

Crown Grants cannot except in rare instances be issued, even in cases where sole and unencumbered ownership is clear and undisputed, for the Native owner will not accede to a proceeding which infers that his own title is imperfect.

The instrument of primary assurance must therefore be in the nature of a certificate testifying that the parties named therein are the owners of the lands therein described.

It is further premised that no certificate should be issued until due enquiry has made it clear that the right parties have been discovered, and that no adverse claims are outstanding.

Inasmuch as the dignity of the Crown will be as much concerned in defending the title under a certificate when issued by itself, as under a Crown Grant, (if such could be made), time should elapse between the award of ownership made in pursuance of the enquiries hereafter explained, and the issue of the instrument which testifies to it, and during that interval certain acts of ownership should he done and committed. In the meantime, the whole conduct of the investigations and the responsibilities of them, as well as the duty of maintaining the award, should be thrown upon the Maories, so that the dignity of the Crown should in no case be compromised, or its interference be needed. This principle has already been recognized by the legislature in the recent measures for providing civil institutions, viz.: – The Native Circuit Courts Act, 1858, and The Native Districts Regulation Act, 1858.

For this purpose and with this view the investigation must be purely local. Indeed it is very questionable whether the suspicions of the people will allow them to permit the adjudication of their lands in purely European Courts, or otherwise by purely European machinery.

No machinery can be invented more admirably adapted for the performance of the duty of investigation of the ownership and the partition of the common lands of the country, than the species of Court Leet and Great Court Baron recently created by the Native Circuit Courts Act 1858.

The proceedings must be authoritative. Negotiation and diplomatism will have no force, and no public support.

The process of legalizing tenure may be as as follows: At each Court House established under the last named Act will be deposited a book of Record, for the purpose of registering therein the names of owners who have been recognized, and the boundaries of the land of which they have been decreed the owners.

Any tribe, subdivision of a tribe, or individual, desiring to have their or his land defined by metes and bounds and registered in the Court Roll, must give notice of such desire to the Native Magistrate, (called in the Act a Native Assessor,) of the locality, – specifying in such notice the names of the claimants, and the description of the land.

If, after discussion between the European Magistrate and the Native Magistrate, there appears to be no matter in the claim likely to create political difficulties, the Resident Magistrate causes the claim to be entered on the Court Roll and affixed to the door of the Court House, and circulated in such other ways as will give publicity thereto, adding also a notice to the public that adverse claims must be immediately sent in to him, delivered to the Native Magistrate of the locality.

If no adverse claims appear, or such only as admit of adjudication, notice is given to all the parties, and affixed to the door of the Court House, that on the day named in such notice the title to the land will be investigated. If, however, the adverse claims sent in appear likely to create undue excitement or insuperable difficulty, no immediate day of hearing will be fixed by the Resident Magistrate, but notice must be given that the matter is adjourned for the present.

On the day of hearing, (not being a court day), the Resident Maagistrate causes an uninterested Jury to be summoned, after the manner of the constitution of a Criminal Jury in the Native Circuit Courts Act, 1858. He, with the Native Magistrates of the locality (unless interested, whan others must be sought), and the Jury, hears the speakers or witnesses in the Court House, first of the claimants and then of the opponents, and in fact conducts the case as an enquiry before the Commissioners under an Act for inclosing lands of common would

be conducted in England. At the conclusion, the Jury, (assisted if necessary by the Resident Magistrate) gives a verdict that the claimant is entitled to the land, or otherwise as the case may be, or that the land be divided among the contending claimants. In the latter case, the Resident Magistrate and Native Magistrates assisted by the Jury proceed to make partition of the land, and in any case cause all sufficient posts and boundary marks to be set up.

The proceedings and the verdict are entered on the Court Roll, signed by the Court and all the parties. A copy of this roll will be evidence of Native title, and will be the title deed.

In case a tribe having had their land enrolled desire that it be further divided amongst subdivisions, or again amongst individuals, the same process must be followed, and record similarly must be made.

All subsequent alienations, or change of ownership by descent or otherwise, must be presented by a Jury at a Court Leet, and entered on the Rolls, the previous copy being surrendered, and a fresh one issued.

Thus will be established a very tractable tenure resembling the copyhold or base tenure of England, each District of a Court representing a Manor.

Whenever land is proposed to be alienated to a pakeha, a certificate of title from the Crown can be issued with ease to the Native proprietor whose name appears at the time on the Rolls of the Court as the owner, all doubt as to title and boundaries having been removed by the foregoing operations. On the transfer of this certificate to the purchasing pakeha, and the issue of a Crown Grant to such purchaser, must be paid the sum due to the Crown for the release of its right of pre-emption; a right which cannot at present be foregone, as by the recent Imperial Act the whole territorial revenue is mortgaged to the Crown. In case the Native Territorial Rights Bill, 1858 receives the Royal assent, the payment for this release of the pre-emptive right must be at the rate of ten shillings per acre, but for many reasons it appears to the writer that a sum calculated ad valorem on the purchase money, would be far preferable. The expense of the survey, which would on the occasion of this final extinction of Native rights become necessary, would be a simple matter of bargain between vendor and purchaser.

It would however be far better, if Native surveyors were educated in the manner proposed elsewhere, specially for the performance of the duty of surveying common native lands. A class of educated native surveyors would smooth away many difficulties.

APPENDIX B.

SKETCH SHOWING THE AFFINITY OF SUNDRY CHIEFS AND TRIBES IN THE NORTHERN ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND, 1858.

SKETCH SHOWING THE AFFINITY OF SUNDRY CHIEFS AND TRIBES IN THE NORTHERN ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND, 1858.

[Names from the whakapapa]

Tama te Kapua, Kahumatamoe, Atua, Tawake, Uenuku, Rangitihi, Kawatapurangi, Pikiao, Tamakari, Pikiao, Te Takinga, Te Ahu, Te Taero, Hingakiraro, Emera, Te Pou, Rongowhiua, Taranui, Te Ikawhakapono Te Mumuhu, Hinekura Te Matangi Rongomaruawhatu Te Mokai, Manuariki, Rongokiteharangi, Hauauru, Te Onematua, Pikiaowera, Ariha, Taroaapukai, Puwhakaoho, Tamaiharoa Mere Pinepine Maehi Hetaraka Wiremu, Te Rangiunuora Te Kuruoterangi Kumu Totohu Puhitaiki Kotore, Wiremu Matene, Korohuna Te Arawa Te Rangiunuora Te Pana, Te Tauhu, Eruera Harete, Rangiwhakekeua, Rangiteaorere Kaiure Tihake Korokaihau Hikakaiwai Rautao Te Whatanui Wiremu Matenga, Ngaturanga Mahanga Temakerekere Te Wakakaihau Aperahama, Arakau, Whakamarurangi Te Awekotuku Takurua, Tuhourangi, Tenukukopako, Whakauekaipapa, Tawakeheimoa, Rangiwewehi, Ngata, Teao o te Rangi, Totara, Te Rangitewhata, Wiremu Kingi, Kereru, Pupuru, Pake Riko Ngori, Te Ahonga Wiremu Paratene Matenga, Manuwaerorua Kahutia, Te Rangikaheke Wiremu Maehe Hetaraka Wiremu, Wehiwehi, Te Whatu Te Ngaro Nuku, Kahawai Eruera Wiremu, Whekiki, Hikairo, W. Temete Hikairo, Tawhaki, Te Mapihi Ruarangi, Hinekitewa, Te Tinana Te Ueue, Uruamo, Huatahi Temahihi Te Mutunga, Haua Tangitu Pikiahu Te Onematua Te Wharehura, TeRangitamiro, Tirakitetonga, Te Hura, Ranginui, Te Huratuangahuru Hiakai, Te Kahurangi, Te Waharoa, W. Tamehana Tarapipipi, Pareapunga Whetowheto Te Kanawa, Rangipererunga More, Tumahaurangi, Kaitoa Hinetu, Te Parangi Te Tarakura Ruamoana, Te Utana, Te Waru, Tupaea Ngatuputupu, Kiritai, Hineaopounamu, Te Ruwai, Toreheikura Te Kuraataiwhakaea Tuata, Te Rauangaangao Muriwhenua, TeWherowhero Potatau Te Tapuke, Te Tuhi Kahurerewai TeTuatara Ngarahu, Pareuruora Te Aumiroro Huiaturae Koronaputa Parekowhatu Waitohi, Te Rangihaeata, Te Rauparaha Wiremu Tamehana, Rautaokura, Manuhiri, Kihi, Rangiaho, Te Heuheu Te Rohu, Ueroa, Tamahika Te Tukutuku Ririwai, Kahuroro Rangiheua, Matiu, Ratorua, Whakairikawa, Tu te ata, Tuwhakairikaw, Hinerehua, Te Kahurerenoa, Waitapu, Parekawa, Te Kahurunga, Tokoahu, Hihitana, Taraia, Auraki,

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